Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Diseases of the Nervous System > Neurodevelopmental and Mood disorders > Flashcards

Neurodevelopmental and Mood disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

The process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neural transmissions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is major depressive disorder?

A

Persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

Experience of both depressed and manic periods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percentage of the population does bipolar disorder affect?

A

Just over 1% of the population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the peak age of onset of bipolar disorder?

A

Between 20 and 40 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the symptoms of mania?

A

Elation, euphoria, extreme sociability, impatience, racing thoughts, flight of ideas, impulsive behaviour, over-talkative, self confident, delusions of grandeur, hyperactive, unable to sleep or eat, increased libido.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How long must a manic episode last for diagnosis?

A

At least 1 week.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What percentage of manic patients have psychotic symptoms?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are psychotic symptoms?

A

Delusions or hallucinations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the prevalence of major depressive disorder?

A

8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the median duration of a major depressive episode?

A

About 5 months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What percentage of people who experience one episode of depression will have recurrent episodes?

A

75-95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is depression more common in men or women?

A

Prevalence is twice as high in women as men.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?

A 
5+ symptoms over 2 weeks:
Depressed mood and/or diminished interest
Weight loss
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Loss of energy - fatigue
Worthlessness or guilt
Inability to concentrate or indecisiveness
Thoughts of death or suicide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the genetic factors for depression?

A

Serotonin transporter promoter variant 5-HTTLPR
5-HTT target of SSRIs
S-short and L-long form of promoter: the L form has higher promoter activity.
Both are quite common in caucasians.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When can stress lead to anxiety phenotype?

A

Childhood stress interacts with a gene mutation to lead to anxiety phenotype.
Stress in adolescents does not have this effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which polymorphism in 5-HTT promoter gene is associated with depression and anxiety?

A

44bp deletion (short allele)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the link between schizophrenia and synaptic pruning?

A

It is linked to excessive synaptic pruning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the incidence of schizophrenia?

A

1-1.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the usual age of onset of schizophrenia?

A

Adolescence/young adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the clinical features of schizophrenia?

A

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, deterioration of adaptive behaviour

22
Q

What is the heritability of schizophrenia?

A

48%

23
Q

Abnormalities on which chromosomes are linked to schizophrenia?

A

5, 8, 11, 13, 22

24
Q

What are the five most commonly studied risk genes in schizophrenia?

A 
NRG1
DISC-1
Dysbindin
COMT
RGS4
25
Q

What are the pre/perinatal risk factors for schizophrenia?

A

Obstetric complications
Winter birth
Maternal influenza
Maternal malnutrition

26
Q

What are the postnatal risk factors for schizophrenia?

A 
Early childhood CNS infection
Epilepsy
Learning disability
Delayed milestones
Poor childhood peer relationships
Early cannabis use
Stressful life events
27
Q

What are the social risk factors for schizophrenia?

A

Urban birth
Migrant status
Low social class

28
Q

What does the DISC1 gene affect?

A

Neurodevelopment, neurite architecture, neuronal migration, intracellular transport and synaptic transmission

29
Q

Have you gone back to the lectures and studied the behavioural mouse models?

A

Go and do it.

30
Q

What does the neuregulin-1 gene affect in schizophrenia?

A 
Myelination
Heart development
Neurotransmission
Neuronal migration
Axonal guidance
Synaptic plasticity
Inflammation
31
Q

Have you done the further reading?

A

Lin et. al. Better understanding of mechanisms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: From human gene expression profiles to mouse models.
Neurobiology of Disease, 45(1); 48-56

32
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorder of logical thought

33
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A 
Sustained depression
Anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure)
Avolition (lack of drive)
Slow thought/speech/actions
Alogia (inability to speak)
Lack of recognition of illness
34
Q

What are the cognitive deficits found in schizophrenia?

A

Difficulties in learning and planning

Lack of flexibility.

35
Q

What are the typical antipsychotics used to treat schizophrenia?

A

Chlorpromazine
Haloperidol
Sulpiride
Perphenazine

36
Q

What are the atypical antipsychotics used to treat schizophrenia?

A 
Clozapine
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Ziprasidone
Aripiprazole
37
Q

What are current antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia blocking?

A

D2 Dopamine receptors

38
Q

In the treatment of schizophrenia which symptoms do most antipsychotics target?

A

Positive symptoms

39
Q

What is the DA theory of schizophrenia supported by?

A

Observation that DA-R agonism can cause hallucinations.
Observation that amphetamine and cocaine can exacerbate psychosis in patients.
Some evidence of altered DA-Rs and DA turnover in the CNS of schizophrenic patients.

40
Q

What are the problems with the DA theory of schizophrenia?

A

D2 receptor blockade is immediate, but therapeutic benefit takes weeks to appear.
Some patients do not respond, despite D2 receptor blockade.
Changes in DA metabolites (HVA, DOPAC), observed in brains of schizophrenic patients, may reflect years of antipsychotic medication, rather than an underlying cause of the disease.
These drugs tend to be much more effective against the positive symptoms than the negative symptoms.

41
Q

What are the side effects of anti-psychotic drugs?

A 
PD-like akinesia
Endocrine dysfunction
Postural hypotension
Sedation
Dry mouth
Weight gain
42
Q

Which receptors do clozapine have a particularly high affinity for?

A

D4 Dopamine receptors

43
Q

What has PET imaging found is going on in the schizophrenic brain?

A

Hypofunction in prefrontal cortex - not restored by current drugs
Hypofunction in temporal cortex and thalamus
Hyperfunction in temporal cortex and thalamus during hallucinations - restored by current drugs.

44
Q

What is the pathology of schizophrenia?

A

Gene/environment effects lead to altered function in corticolimbothalamic circuit.
Impaired development of prefrontal/hippocampal chandelier cells.
Chandelier cells unusual, in that NMDA receptors contribute to basal levels of activation.
NMDA-receptor antagonists mimic dysfunctionin schizophrenia by reducing glutamatergic synaptic activation of cells.

45
Q

What did administration of PCP or ketamine to volunteers lead to?

A 
Elevated scores on :
Positive symptoms
Negative symptoms
Cognitive symptoms
Hostility factors
46
Q

What does PCP target in the body?

A

It is an NMDA receptor antagonist.

47
Q

What was noticeable about long term PCP addicts?

A

They had symptoms indistinguishable from schizophrenia.

48
Q

Which theory has study of PCP led to?

A

Glutamate hypofunction may underly psychosis.

49
Q

What does MRS imaging show with relation to glutamate in schizophrenia?

A

Reduced prefrontal cortex glutamate.

50
Q

What are the conclusions on glutamatergic drugs for antipsychotic therapy?

A

Glutamatergic drugs appear to make no difference when added to existing treatment.
Glycine and D-serine may somewhat improve negative symptoms when added to regular antipsychotic medication, but the results are not fully consistent and data are too few.
Many participants in the trials were treatment resistant.

Diseases of the Nervous System (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions