Neurodevelopmental

Question 1

What are neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 1

• onset in the developmental period.
• manifest early in development, often before the child enters school
• impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational
  functioning.
• varies from
  very specific limitations of learning or control of executive functions to
  global impairments of social skills or intellectual ability

Question 2

What are intellectual developmental disorders (category)?

Answer 2

• deficits in
  general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning,
  abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience.
• in impairments of adaptive functioning, individual fails to meet standards of personal independence and social
  responsibility in one or more aspects of daily life, and personal
  independence at home or in community settings.
• may result from an acquired insult during the developmental period from, for example, a severe head injury, in which case
  a neurocognitive disorder also may be diagnosed.

Question 3

What are included under Intellectual Developmental Disorders?

Answer 3

• Intellectual Developmental Disorder
• Global Developmental Delay
• Unspecified Intellectual Developmental Disorder

Question 4

What is intellectual developmental disorder (the mental disorder)?

Answer 4

is a
disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes
both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains.

Question 5

Diagnostic Criteria of Intellectual Disability.

Answer 5

A. Deficits in intellectual functions, such as reasoning, problem
solving, planning, abstract thinking, confirmed by both
clinical assessment and individualized, standardized
intelligence testing.
B. Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet
personal
independence and social responsibility.
C. Onset of both deficits during the developmental period.

Question 6

Specifiers of Intellectual Disability

Answer 6

• Mild
• Moderate
• Severe
• Profound

Question 7

Specifiers of Intellectual Disability

Answer 7

• Mild
• Moderate
• Severe
• Profound

Question 8

Difference between intellectual disability and neurocognitive disorders

Answer 8

They may co-occur if nameet ang criteria, but Intellectual Disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder, meaning it was acquired during developmental period, while ang neurocognitive ay pwedeng ma-acquire anytime in life and is characterized by impair in cogntive functioning.

Question 9

Difference between Intellectual Disability and Communication Disorder/Specific Learning Disorder

Answer 9

Communication/Specific Learning Disorder ay nakafocus sa kani-kanilang mga domain, sa communication lang o sa learning lang. Hindi yon palaging nagpapakita ng deficits sa intellectual and adaptive behaviour, which is the criteria for intellectual disability. Still, pwede silang mag co-occur if mameet ang criteria fully sa parehas na disorder.

Question 10

Difference between ASD and Intellectual Disability

Answer 10

Common sa mga may autism ang intellectual disability, but it doesn’t mean na kapag mayroong intellectual disabilith eh meron ng ASD. Mayroon pa ring key feature ang ASD, which is meron silang repetitive behaviour or interest.

Question 11

Diagnostic Criteria of Global Developmental Delay

Answer 11

• under the age of 5 years when the clinical severity level cannot be reliably assessed during
  early childhood.
• an individual
  fails to meet expected developmental milestones
  -
  reassessment after a
  period of time

Question 12

Diagnostic Criteria of Unspecified Intellectual Developmental
Disorder (Intellectual Disability)

Answer 12

• over the age of 5 years
• assessment of the degree of intellectual developmental
  disorder is rendered difficult or impossible because of
  associated sensory or physical impairments, as in blindness or deafness; locomotor disability; or presence of severe
  problem behaviors
• requires reassessment after a period of time.

Question 13

What are communicating disorders?

Answer 13

• Language Disorder
• Speech Sound Disorder
• Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
• Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
• Unspecified Communication Disorder

Question 14

Diagnostic Criteria of Language Disorder

Answer 14

A. Persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language
(i.e., spoken, written, sign language) due to deficits in comprehension or production that
include the following:
1. Reduced vocabulary
2. Limited sentence structure (hindi mapagsama sama ang words due to inability to understand grammr).
3. Impairments in discourse
B. Language abilities are substantially and quantifiably below
those expected for age, resulting in functional limitations
C. Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period.
D. The difficulties are not attributable to hearing or other sensory
impairment, motor dysfunction, or
neurological condition and are not better explained by
intellectual developmental disorder

Question 15

Difference between language disorder and intellectual disability.

Answer 15

Nag ooverlap sila. Madalas na present ang language impairment sa intellectual disability. Pwedeng mag co-occur, pero yung intelligent disability, mas broad sya, mas marami syang naaapektuhan na intellectual and adaptive aspect. Kaya madidiagnose lang sya once makatake ang client ng standardized test. On the other hand, mas specific ang language disorder dahil ang scope nya lang talaga ay impairment sa paggamit ng language.

Question 16

Difference between language disorder and ASD

Answer 16

Madalas namamanifest din sa autism ang language delay, pero accompanied sya ng iba pang symptoms na kagaya ng lack of social interest, odd play pattern, unusual communication patters, at pagkakaroon ng routine and repetitive behaviour

Question 17

Difference between language disorder and neurological disorders

Answer 17

Language disorder can be acquired in association
with neurological disorders

Question 18

Diagnostic Criteria of Speech Sound Disorder

Answer 18

A. Persistent difficulty with speech sound production that prevents verbal
communication of messages.
B. The disturbance causes limitations in effective communication
that interfere with social participation, academic achievement,
or occupational performance
C. Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period.
D. The difficulties are not attributable to acquired
conditions, such as cerebral palsy, cleft palate, deafness or
hearing loss, traumatic brain injury, or other medical or
neurological conditions

Question 19

Difference between speech sound disorder and selective mutism

Answer 19

May tendency na magpakita ng speech impairments ang mga individuals with selective mutism sa mga settings na hindi sila comfortable, but once they are in a place they consider safe, normal naman ang speech nila.

Question 20

Diagnostic Criteria of Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

Answer 20

A. Disturbances in the normal fluency and time patterning of
speech that are inappropriate for the individual’s age, and are characterized by
frequent and marked occurrences of one (or more) of the
following:
1. Sound and syllable repetitions.
2. Sound prolongations of consonants and as vowels.

3. Broken words (e.g., pauses within a word).
4. Audible or silent blocking (filled or unfilled pauses in
   speech).
5. Circumlocutions (word substitutions to avoid problematic
   words).
6. Words produced with an excess of physical tension.
7. Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions (e.g., “I-I-I-I see
   him”).
   B. The disturbance causes anxiety about speaking or limitations

C. The onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period.

D. The disturbance is not attributable to a speech-motor or
sensory deficit, dysfluency associated with neurological insult
(e.g., stroke, tumor, trauma), or another medical condition and
is not better explained by another mental disorder.

Question 21

Difference between Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder and Tourette’s Syndrome

Answer 21

Mas nakafocus ang COFD sa problema sa speech fluency, meaning, yung pagkakaroon ng smooth flow sa speech. Pag Tourette’s, yung maaring problema sa speech ay dahil sa tics, dahil sa involuntary motor functions. Sa mga napapansin ko rin, they only repeat a certain word kapag natitrigger, unlike sa speech disorder, na kapag nakikipagcommunicate nagkakaproblema.

Question 22

Diagnostic Criteria of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

Answer 22

A. Persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal
communication as manifested by all of the following:
1. Deficits in using communication for social purposes, such
as greeting and sharing information, in a manner that is
appropriate for the social context.
2. Impairment of the ability to change communication to
match context or the needs of the listener, such as
speaking differently in a classroom than on a playground,
talking differently to a child than to an adult, and avoiding
use of overly formal language.
3. Difficulties following rules for conversation and storytelling,
such as taking turns in conversation, rephrasing when
misunderstood, and knowing how to use verbal and
nonverbal signals to regulate interaction.
4. Difficulties understanding what is not explicitly stated ans ambiguous meanings
of language (e.g., idioms, humor, metaphors, multiple
meanings that depend on the context for interpretation).
B. The deficits result in functional limitations in effective
communication, social participation, social relationships,
academic achievement, or occupational performance,
individually or in combination.
C. The onset of the symptoms is in the early developmental
period
D. The symptoms are not attributable to another medical or
neurological condition or to low abilities in the domains of word
structure and grammar, and are not better explained by
autism spectrum disorder, intellectual developmental disorder
(intellectual disability), global developmental delay, or another
mental disorder.

Question 23

Difference between ASD and Social Communication Disorder

Answer 23

Madidistinguish sya dahil sa ibang features ng ASD, specifically yung repetitive patterns of behaviour and interest, which is not present sa pragmatic disorder.

Question 24

Difference between ADHD and Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder

Answer 24

Ang symptoms ng ADHD ay masyadong broad, although mayroon ding impact sa social interaction sa ADHD, iyon ay primarily because of their problems with inattention and impulsivity, while social communication talaga ang problema sa pragmatic.

Question 25

Difference between social anxiety disorder and social pragmatic communication disorder

Answer 25

The differentiating
feature is the timing of the onset of symptoms. In social (pragmatic) communication disorder, the individual has never had effective social
communication; in social anxiety disorder, the social communication skills
developed appropriately but are not utilized because of anxiety, fear, or
distress about social interactions.

Question 26

Diagnostic Criteria of Unspecified Communication Disorder

Answer 26

Nagcacause ng impairment pero hindi namemeet ang criteria for any of the communication disorders, or maaaring kulang pa yung available information to make a diagnosis.

Question 27

Diagnostic Criteria of ASD

Answer 27

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social
interaction as manifested by all of
the following:
1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, ranging, for
example, from abnormal social approach and failure of
normal back-and-forth conversation; to reduced sharing of
interests, emotions, or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions.
2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for
social interaction, ranging, for example,
abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits
in understanding and use of gestures; to a total lack of
facial expressions and nonverbal communication.
3. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding
relationships, ranging, for example, from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts; to
difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends;
to absence of interest in peers.
B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or
activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:

1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of
   objects, or speech (e.g., simple motor stereotypies, lining
   up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic
   phrases).
2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines,
   or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior (e.g.,
   extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with
   transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to
   take same route or eat same food every day).
3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in
   intensity or focus (e.g., strong attachment to or
   preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively
   circumscribed or perseverative interests).
4. Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual
   interest in sensory aspects of the environment (e.g.,
   apparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse
   response to specific sounds or textures
   C. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period
   D. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social,
   occupational, or other important areas of current functioning.
   E. These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual
   developmental disorder (intellectual disability) or global
   developmental delay. Intellectual developmental disorder and
   autism spectrum disorder frequently co-occur; to make
   comorbid diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder and
   intellectual developmental disorder, social communication
   should be below that expected for general developmental
   level.

Question 28

Specifiers on the current severity based on social communication impairments and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior

Answer 28

• Requiring very substantial support
• Requiring substantial support
• Requiring support
• With or without accompanying intellectual impairment
• With or without accompanying language impairment

Question 29

Difference between ADHD and ASD

Answer 29

Sa ASD ay meron repetitive pattern of behaviour, interests, or activity, sa ADHD, wala no’n. Pero madalas silang magcomorbid. Kapag nasobrahan sa hyperactivity or impulsivity ang individual na may ASD, pwede ring idiagnose ang ADHD

Question 30

Intellectual developmental disorder (intellectual disability) without autism spectrum
disorder

Answer 30

A diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in an individual
with intellectual developmental disorder is appropriate when social communication and interaction are significantly impaired relative to the
developmental level of the individual’s nonverbal skills (e.g., fine motor
skills, nonverbal problem solving). In contrast, intellectual developmental
disorder is the appropriate diagnosis when there is no apparent discrepancy
between the level of social communicative skills and other intellectual skills.

Question 31

Difference between Rett Syndrome and ASD

Answer 31

1-4 yrs old ang Rett Syndrome. After that period nag iimprove na sila.

Question 32

Difference between ASD and OCD

Answer 32

They both have routines. Pero ang routine sa OCD, they do their compulsions to lessen the anxiety. They don’t also necessary have social communication impairments. While sa ASD, yung routine nila for them ay pleasurable or reinforcing.

Question 33

ASD and Schizophrenia

Answer 33

walang hallucinations sa ASD

Question 34

ASD and Personality Disorder

Answer 34

Maaga ang onset ng ASD

Question 35

Diagnostic Criteria of ADHD

Answer 35

A. A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development, as
characterized by (1) and/or (2):
1. Inattention: Six (or more) of the following symptoms. For older adolescents
and adults (age 17 and older), at least five symptoms are
required.
a. Often fails to give close attention to details or makes
careless mistakes in schoolwork
b. Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play
activities (e.g., has difficulty remaining focused during
lectures)
c. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly

d. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails
to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace

e. Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities (messy, disorganized
work; has poor time management; fails to meet
deadlines).
f. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks
that require sustained mental effort
g. Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities

h. Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
i. Is often forgetful in daily activities
2. Hyperactivity and impulsivity:
a. Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in
seat.
b. Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated
is expected.
c. Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is
inappropriate. (Note: In adolescents or adults, may be
limited to feeling restless.)
d. Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities
quietly.
e. Is often “on the go,” acting as if “driven by a motor”
(e.g., is unable to be or uncomfortable being still for
extended time)
f. Often talks excessively.
g. Often blurts out an answer before a question has been
completed
h. Often has difficulty waiting his or her turn
i. Often interrupts or intrudes on others

B. Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were
present prior to age 12 years.
C. Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are
present in two or more settings (e.g., at home, school, or
work; with friends or relatives; in other activities).
D. There is clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with, or
reduce the quality of, social, academic, or occupational
functioning.
E. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of
schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder and are not better
explained by another mental disorder .

Question 36

Specifiers of ADHD

Answer 36

• Combined Presentation
• Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
• Predominantly Hyperactivity-impulsivity Presentation

Question 37

ODD and ADHD

Answer 37

ODD due to defiance against authorities. ADHD due to inattention, nahihirapan silang maka keep up, nakakalimutan ang instructions, impulsive.

Question 38

Intermittent Explosive Disorder and ADHD

Answer 38

Both impulsive. IED is rare in childhood. No inattention in IED

Question 39

Specific Learning Disorder and ADHD

Answer 39

They are only inattentive sa area na nahihirapan sila.

Question 40

Intellectual Disability and ADHD

Answer 40

They only show symptoms of ADHD in academic settings. magkaka ADHD lang if excessive na