neurodevelopment part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what influences behaviour? (4)
A
- evolutionary/genetic influences
- environmental/social influences
- motivational state of animal
- previous experiences
2
Q
hierarchical organisation of brain/behaviour
A
levels are connected and any manipulation at any level can change the function at other levels of the hierarchy
3
Q
genes
A
- basic units of heredity and contain instructions for building and maintain the body, including the brain
4
Q
proteins
A
- genes provide instructions for the synthesis of proteins which are crucial for cellular functions of brain e.g. transmitting signals, structural support, communication between cells
5
Q
protein complexes
A
- essential for neurotransmission where signals are transmitted between neurons at synapses
6
Q
2 types of organelles
A
- synapse where neurons communicate with each other
- axons – where electrical signals transmit from one neuron to another
7
Q
3 facts about the brain
A
- brain weight at birth = 350g whereas in adulthood it is = 1300g
- 85 billion neurons and trillions of synapses in the mature brain
- at the peak of neurogenesis (neurons are produced by neural stem cells), 250,000 neurons are born per minute
8
Q
3 stages of prenatal development
A
- germinal
- embryonic
- fetal
9
Q
germinal stage
A
10
Q
embryonic stage
A
11
Q
what is spine bifida?
A
- failure of the closure of the neural fold at the level of the spinal cord
- 1 in 1000 births
- small openings can often be surgically corrected
- large openings can lead to paralysis and limb deformation
- can be prevented by folic acid supplements
12
Q
anencephaly
A
- brain fails to develop
- generally results in stillborn
13
Q
6 stages of brain development
A
- Cell birth/ Proliferation (Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis)
- Cell migration
- Cell differentiation and maturation
- Synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning
- Cell death
- Myelination (myelogenesis)
14
Q
cell birth/proliferation
A
15
Q
Cell migration
A
