Neurocutaneous Disorders B&B Flashcards
phakomatoses
aka neurocutaneous disorders - genetic disorders which affect structures derived from ectoderm (skin, nerves, eyes)
describe the mutation and genetic inheritance of neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen disease)
mutation in NF1 on ch. 17, which encodes for neurofibromin tumor suppressor - this protein restricts RAS function!
autosomal dominant with 100% penetrance (children = 50/50 chance) however, classic example of variable expressivity
describe the nerve, skin, and ocular findings of neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen disease)
nerve: neurofibromas - benign tumors developing on cutaneous nerves, causing disfiguring bumps all over the body
eyes: Lisch nodules (brown spots on iris), optic gliomas (young age)
skins: cafe-au-lait spots (light brown macules), clustered freckles in skin folds (axilla, groin)
may also see bone abnormalities (curvature, facial deformity, scoliosis) and intellectual impairment
child with optic glioma warrants work-up for…
neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen disease): causes neurofibromas (cutaneous nerves) + optic gliomas + cafe au lait macules
AD inheritance with 100% penetrance by variable expressivity - mutation in neurofibromin tumor suppressor - this protein restricts RAS function!
what are 2 possible causes of hypertension in a patient with neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen disease)?
AD mutation in neurofibromin tumor suppressor —> neurofibromas (cutaneous nerves) + optic gliomas + cafe au lait macules
may also present with HTN due to renal artery stenosis or rarely, pheochromocytoma
what types of malignant tumors do patients with neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) develop, and when?
AD mutation in neurofibromin tumor suppressor —> neurofibromas (cutaneous nerves) + optic gliomas + cafe au lait macules
some neurofibromas become malignant, but usually not skin lesions - deeper peripheral nerve sheath tumors, which occur in adolescence/adulthood and present as pain or sudden growth of neurofibroma deep to the skin
describe the timeline of clinical findings that develop in patients with neurofibromatosis 1
AD mutation in neurofibromin tumor suppressor
0-2yrs: cafe au lait macules, bone abnormalities, optic gliomas
2-6yrs: Lisch iris spots, developmental delay (intellectual disability)
puberty: cutaneous neurofibromas
Pt is a 5yo F presenting for evaluation due to concerns of developmental delay. The pt was adopted and there is no record of their FMH. Upon examination, there is evidence of intellectual disability. There are also small brown spots in bilateral iris, and light brown macules on the body. There are also clusters of freckles in the axilla and groin. The long bones appear to be curved.
What is the cause of this disorder?
neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen disease): mutation in neurofibromin tumor suppressor - this protein restricts RAS function!
AD inheritance with 100% penetrance by variable expressivity
—> neurofibromas (cutaneous nerves - develop in puberty), Lisch nodules (brown spots in iris), optic gliomas, cafe au lait macules, freckles in axilla/groin, bone deformities, intellectual disability
what is the major clinical feature of neurofibromatosis 2?
NF2 is less common than NF1, caused by AD mutation in NF2 gene
causes CNS tumors, almost all patients develop bilateral schwannomas (“acoustic neuromas”) —> hearing loss, tinnitus, ataxia (tumor of peripheral glia, not neurons!)
may also develop meningiomas
patient with bilateral schwannomas should be worked up for…
neurofibromatosis 2: less common than NF1, caused by AD mutation in NF2 gene
causes CNS tumors, almost all patients develop bilateral schwannomas (“acoustic neuromas”) —> hearing loss, tinnitus, ataxia (tumor of peripheral glia, not neurons!)
may also develop meningiomas
what is the hallmark and main clinical feature of tuberous sclerosis?
hallmark - hamartomas: benign malformations of cells/tissues (involves many organ systems)
main clinical feature - seizures due to CNS hamartomas, most common presenting feature
[mutation in hamartin (TSC1) or tuberin (TSC2) —> overactive mTOR]
describe the mutation and genetic inheritance of tuberous sclerosis
AD mutation with variable expressivity, but 80% of cases are de novo
due to mutation in hamartin (TSC1 gene) or tuberin (TSC2 gene), which normally inhibit mTOR kinase
overactive mTOR —> cell growth, especially size (hamaratomas)
what are 4 classic features of tuberous sclerosis, and which is the most common presenting feature?
- seizures due to CNS hamartomas - most common presenting feature
- “ash leaf spots” of hypopigmented skin lesions
- angiofibromas on face
- intellectual impairment
[mutation in hamartin (TSC1) or tuberin (TSC2) —> overactive mTOR]
what are 3 types of CNS tumors that occur in patients with tuberous sclerosis?
- cortical tubers - distort the cortex, cause seizures (key clinical finding)
- subependymal nodules (ependyma = lining of ventricles)
- low grade astrocytoma usually at interventricular foramen —> hydrocephalus
90% of cardiac rhabdomyomas occur in which patients?
children with tuberous sclerosis
embedded in ventricular wall, usually asymptomatic, rarely cause obstruction or arrhythmia
what type of renal tumors do patients with tuberous sclerosis get? what is the long-term effect of this?
[mutation in hamartin (TSC1) or tuberin (TSC2) —> overactive mTOR]
renal angiomyolipomas: multiple/bilateral proliferation of epithelioid cells around vessels, may hemorrhage
—> renin-dependent HTN, chronic kidney disease (compression of normal renal tissue)
You are reviewing a patient’s chart. They first presented as a child with seizures and patches of hypo-pigmentation. They were followed closely for developmental delays. At age 8, they were admitted for hydrocephalus, and a low-grade astrocytoma was removed from the interventricular foramen. They later developed fibrous papules across their face, as well as leathery “orange peel” patches on their lower back. Recent imaging has identified bilateral tumors within the kidneys, which are producing renin. What does this patient have?
tuberous sclerosis: mutation in hamartin (TSC1) or tuberin (TSC2) —> overactive mTOR
—> seizures (CNS hamartomas), “ash leaf spots”, angiofibromas (face), intellectual impairment, cardiac rhabdomyomas, Shagreen patches (“orange peel”, lower back), ungual fibromas (nail), renal angiomyolipomas
describe the mutation and genetic inheritance of Sturge-Weber Syndrome
spontaneous somatic mutation with mosaicism of GNAQ gene —> abnormal capillary formation/growth
no family history here! mutation occurs AFTER fertilization
what are the 3 classic features of Sturge-Weber Syndrome?
spontaneous somatic mutation of GNAQ gene, causing abnormal capillary formation/growth
- port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) - unilateral, in region of CN V1/2, due to slow blood flow, grows with child
- leptomeningeal angioma - on SAME SIDE as port-wine stain, may cause seizures
- glaucoma - infancy or early adulthood
newborn with port wine stain + seizures + glaucoma =
Sturge-Weber Syndrome: spontaneous somatic mutation of GNAQ gene, causing abnormal capillary formation/growth
- port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) - unilateral, in region of CN V1/2, due to slow blood flow, grows with child
- leptomeningeal angioma - on SAME SIDE as port-wine stain, may cause seizures
- glaucoma - infancy or early adulthood
describe the mutation and genetic inheritance of von Hippel-Lindau Disease
mutation of VHL gene on ch. 3 which encodes for VHL tumor suppressor - normally causes ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor
mutation causes constitutive signaling of hypoxia inducible factor —> cells behave as if hypoxic —> blood vessel growth
autosomal dominant but requires 2 hits - develops late childhood/young adulthood
when does von Hippel-Lindau Disease begin to present and why?
autosomal dominant but requires 2 hits - develops late childhood/young adulthood
mutation of VHL gene on ch. 3 which encodes for VHL tumor suppressor - normally causes ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor
mutation causes constitutive signaling of hypoxia inducible factor —> cells behave as if hypoxic —> blood vessel growth
how does von Hippel-Lindau Disease present?
VHL mutation results in loss of ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor —> blood vessel growth (cells act hypoxic)
—> hemangioblastomas in CNS (cerebellum, spinal cord, retina) + renal cysts/ bilateral renal cell carcinoma + pheochromocytomas
Pt is a 14yo F presenting for genetic counseling. In the past year, a cerebellar hemangioblastoma and an adrenal pheochromocytoma have been identified. Testing reveals a mutation on chromosome 3. What is the diagnosis?
von Hippel-Lindau Disease: mutation of VHL on ch. 3 = loss of ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor —> blood vessel growth (cells act hypoxic)
—> hemangioblastomas in CNS (cerebellum, spinal cord, retina) + renal cysts/ bilateral renal cell carcinoma + pheochromocytomas
AD but develops in late childhood because it requires “2 hits”
