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BBS2052 - Neuromuscular control of movement > neurocontrol of movement > Flashcards

neurocontrol of movement Flashcards

1
Q

brain development

A
  • Week 4 the neural tube closes in the anterior part of the body and the 3 primary brain vesicles form:
    1. Prosencephalon
    2. Mesencephalon
    3. Rhombencephalon
  • Week 7:
    1. Telencephalon
    2. Diencephalon
    3. Mesencephalon
    4. Metencephalon
    5. Myelencephalon
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2
Q

differentiation of neural tube

A
  • Proliferation of neuroepithelial cells in the walls of the 5 developing brain areas
  • These then differentiate into neuroblasts of glioblasts
  • Then they will migrate to form the 6 cortical layers
  • Lastly the axons and dendrites of the neurons will form  synaptogenesis
  • synaptic pruning
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3
Q

planning of movement

A
  1. Internal/external stimuli start the internal motivation to move in the dorsal premotor area or the prefrontal cortex (which then still signals dPM), respectively
    • They do this in cooperation with the hypothalamus and limbic system  emotions
  2. The dPM signals the M1 (motor cortex) which has many signalling targets:
    • Basal ganglia for movement regulation
    • Red nucleus
    • Brain stem: RF and VN
    • Cerebellum
    • And the pyramidal tracts start here which go into the spinal cord
  3. Feedback towards the M1 is also provided throughout the movement, from:
    • S1 (somatosensory cortex)
    • Cerebellum (proprioception)
    • Basal ganglia
    • Occipital lobe (visual cortex/V1)
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4
Q

ascending tract - spinothalamic tract

A
  1. Receptor (noci, chemo, thermos or mechano)
  2. Synapse at dorsal spinal horn
  3. Decussate
  4. The spinothalamic tract/anterolateral tract goes to the thalamus
  5. Last synapse at the S1
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5
Q

ascending tract - vision, proprioception, vibration and delicate touch

A
  1. visual nerve or dorsal lemniscus tract enter the dorsal horn without synapsing
  2. Synapses at the medulla oblongata – ipsilaterally
  3. Decussate
  4. Thalamus
  5. S1
    - Visual might have different route after thalamus:
    • Where: thalamus  occipital  S1
    • What: thalamus  occipital  temporal lobe
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6
Q

lunguage areas

A 
-	Wernicke’s area is the sensory region 
•	What am I being told
•	What am I saying
•	Is an overlapping area between secondary auditory and secondary visual --> reading and listening (heteromotor)
-	Broca’s area is the motor area
•	I am going to say this
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7
Q

thalamus

A
  • Thalamus filter information and makes sure it is sent to the correct place in the cortex
  • The thalamus can be divided into specific receiving areas so the visual information always comes in at the same place and leaves towards the same places
  • Only the ascending tract have 1 synapse at the thalamus while the descending tracts do not have 1 they go through the internal capsule of the brain (white matter)
  • All info that reaches the thalamus also reaches the reticular formation (ARAS, ascending reticular activating system) in the brainstem
    • If you decide to focus on a specific information the ARAS is activated and the thalamus will not filter this information out it is seen as significant
    • When we sleep the ARAS system is inhibited and the thalamus will not be preactivated by the ARAS  very little output towards the cortex
    • Certain input can activate the limbic system (emotions) which can induce fear due to danger this will activate the ARAS, the thalamus will be activated and you will wake up
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8
Q

thalamus

A
  • Thalamus filter information and makes sure it is sent to the correct place in the cortex
  • The thalamus can be divided into specific receiving areas so the visual information always comes in at the same place and leaves towards the same places
  • Only the ascending tract have 1 synapse at the thalamus while the descending tracts do not have 1 they go through the internal capsule of the brain (white matter)
  • All info that reaches the thalamus also reaches the reticular formation (ARAS, ascending reticular activating system) in the brainstem
    • If you decide to focus on a specific information the ARAS is activated and the thalamus will not filter this information out it is seen as significant
    • When we sleep the ARAS system is inhibited and the thalamus will not be preactivated by the ARAS  very little output towards the cortex
    • Certain input can activate the limbic system (emotions) which can induce fear due to danger this will activate the ARAS, the thalamus will be activated and you will wake up
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9
Q

fiber types

A
  • Projection fibers go to and from the cortex
    • Ascending and descending tracts
    • Run through the internal capsule and corona radiata
  • Commissural fibers connect the hemispheres
    • Corpus callosum
    • Commissura anterior and posterior
  • Association fibers connect the different areas of the brain with each other
    • Fibrae arcuate
    • Fasciculi
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10
Q

balance - propriocepters

A
  • Muscle spindles do not fire when contracting only when lengthening due to external force (to cause a reflex)
    • Alfa neurons causes contraction
    • Gamma neurons causes sensitisation of the muscle spindle by contracting the inner part of the spindle in parallel with the muscle to keep it sensitive to external stretching of the muscle
  • Golgi organs will fire when the muscle contracts since the force acts upon the ligament  force too high causes the muscle to stop contracting to prevent rupture
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11
Q

balance - cerebellum

A
  • The vestibular nerves signal to the muscular system so the head and neck wil reflex up when you lose balance to check surroundings
  • The cerebellum receives most proprioceptive input to stay balanced (non-voluntarily)
    • Cerebellum knows about the plan of movement, the balance and proprioception so it can adapt the movement unconsciously

• Vestibulocerebellum –> balance
 Info from: vestibular system
 Info to the muscles
 Causes vestibulo-ocular reflex (head and neck movement)
• Spinocerebellum –> coordination of limbs and muscle tone
• Cerebrocerebellum –> plans motor programs and motor memory

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12
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • control the frequency force and amplitude of movement
  • Deep grey matter in telencephalon and diencephalon:
    • Nucleus caudatus
    • Putamen
    • Globus pallidus
    • Nucleus subthalamicus
  • Mesencephalon:
    • Substantia nigra
    • Nucleus ruber
  • Integration of modulation of motor cortical function via activating/inhibiting the thalamus
    • Internal circuits decide the outcome
    • Direct  stimulate thalamus (only 2 synapses)
    • Indirect  inhibit thalamus (4 synapses)
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13
Q

basal ganglia pathology

A

• Overactive direct circuit –> Huntington’s (degraded striatum)
 Movements too far (ballism)
 Motor coordination fails
 Speaking problems

• Overactive indirect pathway –> Parkinson (degraded substantia nigra)
 Rest tremor
 Bradykinesia
 rigidity

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BBS2052 - Neuromuscular control of movement (8 decks)

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