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Mayo Learning > Neurochemistry > Flashcards

Neurochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Amino Acid neurotransmitters

A

L- glutamate
GABA
Glycine

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2
Q

Monoamines

A 
Catecholamine 
Dopamine 
NE 
Epinephrine 
Serotonin 
Histamine
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3
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Substance P
Enkephalin
Somastotatin

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4
Q

Purines

A

ATP

Adenosine

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5
Q

Lipid Mediators

A

Endocannabinoids

Prostaglandins

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6
Q

Opening of cations (Na, Ca) or anion (Cl) channels is the ionic mechanism of Classic neurotransmission or neuromodulation?

A

Classic Neurotransmission

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7
Q

Opening or closure of K or Ca channels is the ionic mechanism of Classic neurotransmission or neuromodulation?

A

Neuromodulation

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8
Q

Fast excitation or inhibition is the synaptic effect from Classic neurotransmission or neuromodulation?

A

Classic Neurotransmission

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9
Q

Presynaptic modulation of neurotransmitter release, postsynatic modulation of neuronal excitability is the synaptic effect from Classic neurotransmission or neuromodulation?

A

Neuromodulation

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10
Q

Receptor Type of Classic neurotransmission

A

Ionotropic receptor (NTT gated ion channel)

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11
Q

Receptor type of neuromodulation

A

Metabotropic receptor (G protein coupled receptor)

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters involved in Classic neurotransmission

A

L glutamate
GABA
Glycine
Acetylcholine

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters involved in Neuromodulation

A 
L glutamate 
GABA 
Acetylcholine 
Monoamines 
Neuropeptides 
Lipid mediators 
purines
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14
Q

Precursor of Glutamate

A

a-Ketoglutarate (neurons)

Glutamine (Astrocytes)

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15
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of Glutamate

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Glutaminase

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16
Q

Inactivation of Glutamate

A

Reuptake by astrocytes

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17
Q

Precursor of GABA

A

L glutamate

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18
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of GABA

A

Glutamic acid decarboxylase

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19
Q

Inactivation of GABA

A

Reuptake by neurons and astrocytes

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20
Q

Precursor of Glycine

A

Serine

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21
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of Glycine

A

Glycine cleavage system

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22
Q

Inactivation of Glycine

A

Reuptake by astrocytes

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23
Q

Precursor of Acetylcholine

A

AcetylcoA and Choline

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24
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of Acetylcholine

A

Choline acetyltransferase

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25
Q

Inactivation of Acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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26
Q

Precursor of Dopamine

A

L-tyrosine

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27
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of Dopamine

A

Tyrosine hydoxylase

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28
Q

Inactivation of Dopamine

A

Presynaptic reuptake ff by metabolism by MAO and COMT

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29
Q

Precursor of Norepineprhine

A

L-tyrosine

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30
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of NE

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine B-hydroxylase

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31
Q

Inactivation of NE

A

Presynaptic reuptake ff by metabolism by MAO and COMT

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32
Q

Precursor of Serotonin

A

L-tryptophan

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33
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of Serotonin

A

Tryptophan hydroxylase

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34
Q

Inactivation of Serotonin

A

Presynaptic reuptake ff by metabolism by MAO and COMT

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35
Q

Precursor of Histamine

A

L-histidine

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36
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of Histamine

A

Histidine decarboxylase

37
Q

Inactivation of Histamine

A

Histidine N-methyltransferase

38
Q

Precursor of Neuropeptides

A

Pre propeptides

39
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of Neuropeptides

A

Processing along the secretory pathway and by activity of convertases

40
Q

Inactivation of Neuropeptides

A

Peptidases

41
Q

Precursor of Adenosine

A

Adenosine triphosphate

42
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of Adenosine

A

5-nycleotidase

Ectonucleases

43
Q

Inactivation of Adenosine

A

Adenosine kinase

44
Q

Precursor of Endocannabinoids

A

Diacylglycerol

45
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of Endocannabinoids

A

Diacylglycerol lipase

46
Q

Inactivation of Endocannabinoids

A

Monoacylglycerol lipase

47
Q

Precursor of nitric oxide

48
Q

Key biosynthetic enzyme of nitric oxide

A

nitric oxide synthase

49
Q

Inactivation of nitric oxide

A

Spontaneous, short half life

50
Q

Where are Neuropeptides synthesized?

Nerve terminal or cell body?

51
Q

Type of synaptic vesicle where neuropeptides are stored

A

Large dense-core vesicles (secretory granules)

52
Q

These neurotransmitters are stored in small clear vesicles

A

Glutamate
GABA
Glycine
Acetylcholine

53
Q

Type of synaptic vesicle where monoamines are stored

A

Intermediate dense-core vesicles

54
Q

Vesicle endocytosis and recycling involve vesicle coating by _______ and fission by the action of _____

A

Clathrin

Dynamin

55
Q

This links the synaptic vesicle to the cytoskeleton

56
Q

Membrane docking, priming, and fusion depend on the formation of?

A

Soluble SNARE complexes (Sensitive factor Attachment protein REceptor)

57
Q

SNARE complex formed by interaction of synpnaptic vesicle protein _______, and 2 presynaptic vescile proteins _______ and ______

A

Synaptobrevin

Syntaxin and SNAP 25 (Synaptosomal Associated protein 25)

58
Q

Ca Channels involved in exocytosis

A

P/Q and T-type

59
Q

This synaptic vesicle protein is for Ca induced exocytosis, and acts as a calcium sensor

A

Synaptotagmin

60
Q

The different proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis interact through adaptor proteins such as

A

Amphiphysin

61
Q

Synaptic effects of a NTT are terminated by 3 mechanisms

A
  1. Uptake by presynaptic terminals or astrocytes
  2. Enzymatic metabolism
  3. Diffusion out of the synaptic cleft
62
Q

This is the sole mechanism for termination of action of acetylcholine and neuropeptides

A

Enzymatic degradation

63
Q

This is responsible for phasic postsynaptic excitatory or inhibitory effects which are rapid in onset, short in duration and spatially restricted

A

Classic neurotransmission

64
Q

Receptors mediating classic neurotransmission

A

Ionotropic receptors

65
Q

What happens to binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor?

A

Produces a change in the 3-dimensional conformation of the receptor protein, which opens the ion channel

66
Q

What happens in cationic channel opening?

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors;
Ionotropic glutamate receptros;
P2X receptors

A

There is rapid influx of Na or Ca or both which results in local neuron depolarization leading to EPSP (increases probability of action potential to be generated)

67
Q

What happens in anionic channel opening?

GABA A and Glycine receptors

A

Allows rapid influx of Cl- which results in PSPS that prevents the membrane from reaching threshold to trigger an action potential

68
Q

This involves binding to G protein-coupled receptors

A

Neuromodulation

69
Q

Receptors in Classic neurotransmission

A

Ionotropic glutamate receptros;
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors;
P2X receptors

GABA A and Glycine receptors

70
Q

Receptors in Neuromodulation

A

Metabotropic glutamate receptors
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors
GABA B receptors
Receptors for monoamine and neuropeptides

71
Q

How does G protein-coupled receptors affect neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release?

A

By increasing or decreasing permeability of voltage gated K or Ca channels

72
Q

Uses retrograde signaling to affect release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal

A 
NO 
endocannabinoids 
arachidonic acid 
prostaglandins 
growth factors 
Cytokines 
steroids
73
Q

T or F

Chemical signals affect not only receptors located at postsynaptic sites but also neuronal receptors at a distance

74
Q

This is the ability to change the efficacy of fast excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission in response to the activity of the corresponding synapse

A

Synaptic plasticity

75
Q

What are the 2 main forms of synaptic plasticity

A

Long term potentiation

Long term depression

76
Q

What are the main triggers of synaptic plasticity?

A

Ca influx through glutamate receptors
Opening of voltage gated Ca channels
Release of Ca from intracellular stores

77
Q

T or F

Synaptic plasticity affects function but not the structure of synapses

A

False

It also affects the structure of synapses

78
Q

Target of glutamatergic inputs in cerebral cortex, striatum, cerebellum

A

Dendritic spines of principal neurons

79
Q

What are the ionotropic glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA receptor
Kainate receptor
NMDA receptor

80
Q

What are the metabotropic glutamate receptors?

A

Type I: synaptic plasticity

Type II, III: Presynaptic inhibition

81
Q

This glutamate receptor mediates fast excitatory neurotransmission and is permeable to Na alone.

A

AMPA receptor

82
Q

This glutamate receptor is a ligand gated Ca channel that is blocked by Mg at normal resting membrane potential

A

NMDA receptor

83
Q

T or F

Ca influx through AMPA receptors removes the Mg plug from NMDA receptors, allowing them to open to Na when bound by glycine.

A

False

Na influx (not Ca) through AMPA receptors removes the Mg plug from NMDA receptors, allowing them to open to Ca (Not Na) when bound by glycine.

84
Q

This incorporates glutamate into synaptic vesicles

A

Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs)

85
Q

This is coenzyme is required for Glutamic acid decarboxylase to make GABA

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

86
Q

GABA receptor with ligand-gated Cl channels

A

GABA A receptors

87
Q

GABA receptor that us G protein coupled

A

GABA B receptors

88
Q

Primary neurotransmitter of local inhibitory neurons and projection neurons

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