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Psychopharmacology > Neurobiology & Pharmacology > Flashcards

Neurobiology & Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

All the nerves to and from the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the two components of the peripheral nervous syst

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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4
Q

What is the Somatic component of the peripheral nervous system

A

Voluntary motor movements of skeletal or lined muscles

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5
Q

What is the Autonomic component of the peripheral nervous system

A

The involuntary movements of skeletal or lined muscles

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6
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System control or do?

A

Functions of smooth muscles and glands. Is Related to digestion, heart rate, breathing and the Primary function is to maintain balance and homeostasis

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7
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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8
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

Related to Anxiety. It’s the Mobilizing system (Fight or flight) or Freeze - if I perceive something at the cortex level that something threatening is going to happen I go into fight or flight nature
• Hormones are released into the bloodstream that increase heart rate, respiration, blood pressure
• Restorative functions like digestion and elimination decrease (one goes up, other goes down)
• How to Remember: Sympathetic = sympathizes with your stress

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9
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

Relates to Depression. It is our Energy conserving system
• Main purpose is basic body maintenance (slowing down heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and increasing digestion and elimination)
How to Remember: Parasympathetic = allows you to (para)chute down from your stress

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10
Q

Which is healthier, Parasympathetic or Sympathetic Nervous Systems?

A

It’s healthier when the parasympathetic dominates over sympathetic.

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11
Q

What is the brain?

A

The control center for voluntary and involuntary

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12
Q

What are the three main areas of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and the brain stem

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13
Q

What is the Cerebrum?

A
  • Involved with complex thought, perception, action
  • Think about the outer layer (cortex) and inside layers (subcortical areas)
  • Compare that to an orange - the peel is the cortex and the fleshy fruit is the subcortical areas
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14
Q

What is the Cortex (Inside the Cerebrum)?

A

• Cortex is the outside surface of the brain
• Least developed at birth (moreso in humans than animals)
• Cortex is highly convoluted with folds (gyri)
Gyri allow for more cortical surface area to the the cortex without having larger heads

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15
Q

What is The Cortex (Inside the Cerebrum)?

A
  • Divided into two halves (right and left hemisphere)
  • Corpus Callosum – thick band of nerves that connect the right and left to each other
  • Hemisphere divided into four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal)
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16
Q

What does the left hemisphere control?

A

Controls the right side of your body

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17
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A

Controls the left side of your body

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18
Q

What are the four lobes?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

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19
Q

What is corpus callosum?

A

thick band of nerves that connect the right and left to each other

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20
Q

What is the left hemisphere all about?

A

• Dominant in most people (97%)
• Control over language and motor control
• Reading, speaking, writing, spelling
• Almost all right handers are left hemisphere dominant; 10% of people are left handed and most of these are also left hemisphere dominant
• Involved with verbal memory and thinking that is rational, logical, abstract, analytical
Conscious coping and problem solving happen here

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21
Q

What happens if the left hemisphere is damaged?

A

Damage to this hemisphere may result in aphasia (i.e., speech disorders, language problems), agraphia, anomia, motor disturbances, apraxia problems on the right side of the body (left is for language and logic)

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22
Q

What is the right hemisphere all about?

A

Artistical, music, creativity, affect, emotional. The right pre-frontal cortex, regulates the facial expression.
• Perceptual, visuospatial, artistic, intuitive, musical emotions (e.g., noticing sadness in someone)
• Associated with concepts of our body image and ability to comprehend and express visual spatial verbal
• Responsible for appraising the safety and danger of others
• Organizing bodily and emotional self
• This is more of the unconscious mind because it appraises and responds

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23
Q

What happens if the right hemisphere is damaged?

A

• Damage here may result in abnormalities called left side hemineglect (neglects left side of the body); prosopagnosia; a lot of affective abnormalities; visual perceptual disturbances

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24
Q

Where is the frontal lobe?

A

• In the front
• Top portion of right and left hemisphere
Largest portion of our brain (1/3)

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25
Q

What are the three divisions of the frontal lobe?

A

prefrontal cortex, premotor area, motor area

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26
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

*critical to personality, emotionality, ambition, planning, abstract thinking, cognitive flexibility, initiative, judgment
*Overall planning of movements
*Specifies goal of movement, not details.
• Premotor Cortex - involved in planning movement and instigates the movement

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27
Q

What is Broca’s Area and where is it?

A

left frontal lobe; controls muscles that produce speech

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28
Q

What happens if there is damage to the frontal lobe?

A

(due to strokes, tumors, TBI) - Paralysis, changes in personality, emotional lability, inattention, perseveration, inability to express language (broca’s aphasia), problems with problems solving

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29
Q

What and where is the Parietal Lobe?

A
  • Behind the frontal lobes
  • Important for processing somatosensory information
  • Allow us to integrate sensations of touch (shape, size, weight, texture) that allows for a three dimensional experience of an object
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30
Q

What does the right parietal lobe do?

A

directing attention, visuospatial skills

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31
Q

What does the left parietal lobe do?

A

overlearned motor routine activities, linguistic activities (reading, writing, naming objects)

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32
Q

What happens if there is damage to the parietal lobe?

A

• Often caused by stroke
• Anomia – difficulty naming objects which is different from Agnosia (i.e., you don’t even recognize something), in Anomia you recognize it but can’t name it
• Agraphia – difficulty writing
• Alexia - problem reading
• Acalculia – difficulty with math
Difficulty drawing objects; difficulty distinguishing right from left; lack of awareness of body parts; eye hand coordination; problem attending to more one object at a time;
• Gerstmann’s syndrome – happens in the left parietal lobe due to lesions
• Primary symptoms agraphia, alcaclula, right-left disorientation, finger agnosia (i.e., a person cannot recognize their fingers as being a part of their body

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33
Q

Where and what is the temporal lobe?

A

• Outsides of each hemispheres (around temples, ear)
• Primary auditory cortex (hearing); right on top of the limbic system
•

34
Q

What is the Limbic system involved in

A

emotional behavior and memory

35
Q

What is the Left temporal lobe involved in?

A

verbal memory and language comprehension (Wernicke’s Area)

36
Q

What is the Right temporal lobe involved in?

A

involved in visual memory

37
Q

What happens if the temporal lobe is damaged?

A
  • Often due to TBI, stroke, encephalitis
  • Results in increased aggressive behavior; increased or decrease sexual behavior, interference with memory, problems understanding speech (Wernicke’s aphasia); temper, aggression
38
Q

What and where is the occipital lobe?

A
  • At the back of the brain

* Primary visual cortex

39
Q

What happens if the occipital lobe is damaged?

A
  • Is uncommon but can result from stroke or tumor

* Difficulty recognizing drawn object, identifying colors; hallucinations, illusions, difficulty recognizing words

40
Q

What and where is the subcortical located?

A

It’s Below the Cortex
• Into the center of the brain, surrounded by the cortex
• There are three.

41
Q

What are the three subcortical?

A

corpus callosum, limbic system, and basal ganglia

42
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • A bundle of fibers

* Serves as a bridge between the left and right hemisphere; allows two to communicate

43
Q

What does the right hemisphere of the corpus callosum control?

A

Right hemisphere controls left side of the body; anything experienced on the left side of the body (left hand) is processed in right hemisphere

44
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the corpus callosum control?

A

Left hemisphere controls right side of the body (sensory experiences on the right side are processed in left hemisphere)

45
Q

You touch something with your left hand and it’s hot, where in the brain is the sensation and information processed?

A

• Corpus Callosum

46
Q

You touch something with your left hand and it’s hot, where in the brain is the sensation and information processed?

A

Right Hemisphere - Right then shares it with the left hemisphere via the corpus callosum
• You can then say “ouch” because the left controls language
Or you can analyze and say I shouldn’t do that again (left hemisphere);

47
Q

What is split brain?

A

• Split brain patients have had their corpus callosum severed or cut (to reduce severe epileptic seizures)

48
Q

What happens to your hemisphere’s when the corpus callosum is split

A

• The right hemisphere still processes experiences from the left side and vice versa even though it’s severed
But any information that gets into your hemisphere can no longer be cross communicated to the opposite hemisphere

49
Q

What and where is the limbic system?

A
  • The inner border closest to the cortex (the fruity stuff closest to the cortex)
  • Considered the primitive brain and plays a key role in survival
  • Largely involved in emotions; fear, anger, pleasure, basic drives (sex and hunger), learning, olfaction and memory
50
Q

What are the five key structures of the limbic system?

A

key structures are thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and septum

51
Q

What theory could be related to the limbic system?

A

Attachment

52
Q

What Encodes memories; implicit memory process of emotion (fear in the amygdala) and explicit memory process of the hippocampus

A

limbic system

53
Q

What system Creates motivational drives, Helps create emotional states (nonrational states), and helps shape how we orient our emotions?

A

limbic system

54
Q

What is and where is the thalamus?

A

It’s in the Limbic System - train station
Right below the corpus callosum
• Sensory relay station for the brain
• Think of this as a train station where all the trains come in
• Anytime you see something, hear something, feel something; that sensory input goes first through the thalamus and is then sent to where it needs to go for processing

55
Q

You see something, where does it go for processing?

A

it goes to the thalamus first and then on to the Occipital Lobe for processing

56
Q

If you feel something, where does it go for processing?

A

If you feel something it’ll go from the hand to the thalamus and then to parietal

57
Q

What sense does not go through the thalamus?

A

smell

58
Q

Abnormalities in the thalamus are linked to what disorder?

A

schizophrenia (misperceiving sensory input)

59
Q

Where and what is the hypothalamus?

A
  • Right below the thalamus
  • Linked with endocrine system (glands, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal) and autonomic nervous system
  • Key function is homeostasis
  • Keeping things in balance (regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, sex, aggression (fight or flight), sleep wake cycle
60
Q

Hat are the hypothalamus functions?

A

Fever, Feeding, Fighting, Falling Asleep, Sex

61
Q

What and where is the hippocampus?

A

It’s in the (Limbic System)
• Main function is memory
• Specifically involved in consolidating memory (taking from short term and making them long-term; lasting memories)

62
Q

What does the Left hippocampal do?

A

Left hippocampal area helps to process explicit memory called factual or semantic memory (assessing and remembering aspects of the outer world)

63
Q

What does the right hippocampal do?

A

• Right hippocampal area mediates the episodic and autobiographical forms of explicit memory (bodily input and memory encoding about the self)

64
Q

What and where is the Amygdala?

A
  • IT’s in the (Limbic System)
  • Attaches emotional significance to sensory input
  • We experience something in an emotional way
  • Important role in experience of fear (startle response)
  • Emotional memory
  • Determines level of threat through memory of fear (this is all linked to PTSD)
  • Important in face perception (especially on the right side of the brain) and mediating certain emotional responses (particularly fear and anger)
  • Involved in aggression if you Stimulate the amygdala and it increases aggression
  • When the amygdala is removed or destroyed you see decreases in aggression (this is very rare)
65
Q

What and where is the septum

A

(Limbic System)
• Decreases aggression
• Damage it and you can have a rage syndrome
• Septum intact allows you to simmer down

66
Q

what and where is the Basal Ganglia?

A
  • Very important in coordinating movement and posture
  • To move smoothly there are parts of the cortex (premotor and primary) that must function properly, but those parts need appropriate information from basal ganglia
  • Without it, we have problems controlling motor behavior (movement related disorder)
67
Q

What disorder/diseases is related to Basal Ganglia?

A
  • Parkinson’s Disease – has tremors, but it’s actually a disorder of difficulty initiating movement
  • Huntington’s Disease – degeneration of caudate nucleus and putamen; produces thrusting movements
68
Q

What and where is the cerebellum?

A

• Second largest structure in the brain (after the cerebrum) and located at the base of the brain, right behind the brain stem
• Provides excitatory inputs for maintaining movement and motor activity
Controls ability to adjust posture (for balance) and motor learning

69
Q

What is the brain stem?

A
  • Most primitive part of the brain and Includes a collection of neurons that help monitor and modify basic bodily functions (i.e., heart rate and respiration)
  • Influences our state of arousal (awake, sleepy, asleep)
  • Below subcortical regions right in front of cerebellum
  • Extension of spinal cord; 12 cranial nerves (10 begin here
70
Q

What are three areas of the brain stem

A

Pons, medulla, reticular formation

71
Q

What and where is the pons?

A

pons is upper part of brain stem and Involved in basic functions that keep us alive (i.e., sleep, respiration, movement, cardiovascular activity)
• Damage here is lethal

72
Q

What and where is the medulla?

A

Medulla is in the lower part of the stem
• Involved in basic functions that keep us alive (i.e., sleep, respiration, movement, cardiovascular activity)
• Damage here is lethal

73
Q

What system does the brain stem work with to influence our motivation drives and emotional states?

A

• Brain Stem

74
Q

what is the Foundation of all our brain activity and behavior

A

neurons

75
Q

What are neurons?

A
  • Each neuron is a miniature information processing system

* Thousands of connections that communicate with one another

76
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A
  • Dendrites
  • Soma (cell body)
  • Axon
77
Q

What are dendrites?

A
  • Receive information from other neurons

* Capturing neurotransmitters that have been released into the synaptic cleft; thousands of them;

78
Q

What does the soma do?

A

• Takes information from dendrites and integrates it

Also contains the DNA (hereditary info)

79
Q

What is an axon?

A
  • Tubelike structure

* Terminal buttons at the end that release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

80
Q

What is the mirron neuron system?

A
  • A set of neurons active when a purposeful action is taken or when that same type of action is perceived
  • There is a mirroring of action and perception
  • These neurons only respond to acts with intention that shows the brain is capable of making neural maps of others’ actions that symbolize their intentions
81
Q

What system can simulate the internal states of others (empathy); often nonverbal and is taken into the subcortical regions where we change our bodily state, our brainstem’s activation, and our limbic firing

A

The mirror neuron system

Psychopharmacology (1 decks)

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