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Homeostasis > Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology > Flashcards

Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

State and describe the two different types of terminal nerve endings

A

Free (Non-encapsulated) Afferent Endings
-most common
-found in all epithelial cells, muscle, connective tissue, serous membranes (lining of peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities)
Encapsulated Afferent Nerve Endings
a) Krause corpuscle (End Bulb)
-simplest type; axon terminates in oval bulb (lips, cheeks, nasal cavities, tongue, tendons, ligaments, membranes in joints, penis, clitoris)
b) Meissner corpuscle
-detect complex tactile stimuli (finger tips, palm of hands, soles of feet)
c) Pacinian corpuscle
-detect deep heavy pressure (deeper tissues of the hand and foot, pancreas, nipple, urethra, penis, clitoris)
d) Muscle Spindles
-regulate reflex action and muscle tone
-detect position and movement
-used by CNS to relay precise motor control

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2
Q

Compare the effects of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic

A

PARASYMPATHETIC
Heart - slows as body relaxes, less blood flow needed
Salivary Glands - stimulated as food can be eaten in a non-stressful situation
Iris of eye - circular muscle fibres contract, pupil constricts to protect retina
SYMPATHETIC
Heart - rate speeds up, more blood being pumped
Salivary Glands - inhibited, feeding not main priority
Iris of the eye - radial muscle fibres contract, pupils dilate

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3
Q

Define ganglions.

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

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4
Q

What is grey matter?

A

nerves that lack a myelin sheath and neurilemma; do not regenerate

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5
Q

What is white matter?

A

nerves that contain myelinated fibres; capable of regeneration after damage

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6
Q

Function of an Axon

A

Transmits impulses away from cell body to other neurons or effectors

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7
Q

Function of a Dendrite

A

Transmits impulses towards cell body from a sensory receptor or from another neuron

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8
Q

Describe the Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty protein layer insulting the axon; prevents loss of charged ions from nerve cells

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9
Q

Describe the Neurilemma

A

Thin membrane surrounding the axon; promotes regeneration of damaged axons

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10
Q

What is a Node of Ranvier

A
  • areas between sections of myelin sheath
  • nerve impulses jump from node to node (saltorial conduction)
  • rate of conduction greatest in small myelinated axons
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11
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwaan cells

A

Produce myelin

  • oligodendrocytes CNS
  • Schwaan PNS
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12
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

The part of the brain below the back of the cerebrum. I It regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination

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13
Q

Name the stages in the passage of a nerve impulse

A

(Action potential = +40mV)
“All or northing” - an action potential in one part causes another to develop in other parts of the neuron
1) Resting potential
- (-70)mV
-membrane is polarized (+ outside/- inside)
2) Stimulus reaches threshold potential. The potential rises above threshold, causing voltage gated channels to open
3) Depolarization
-less negative
-upward spike from -70mV
-caused by electrical disturbance
-Na+ channels open, Na+ diffuses into cell
-K+ channels closed
-positive inside, negative outisde
5) Repolarization
-moving back to resting potential
-downward spike to below -70mV
-K+ channels open, K+ diffuses out of neuron
-Na+ and k+ pump operates
-this reestablishes the resting membrane potential (+ve outside/-ve on inside)
6. Undershoot
-K+ channels closes slowly
-conc. gradients restored by active transport; resting potential restored

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14
Q

What are the 3 regions of the brain

A
  1. Forebrain (5 divisions)
  2. Midbrain (4 spheres)
  3. Hindbrain (3 divisions)
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15
Q

What are the 5 divisions of the forebrain

A
  1. Olfactory Lobes
  2. Cerebrum
    - Frontal Lobe
    - Parietal Lobe
    - Temporal Lobe
    - Occipital Lobe
  3. Corpus Callosum
  4. Thalamus
  5. Hypothalamus
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16
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the hindbrain

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
17
Q

Function of corpus callosum

A

Large bundle of nerve fibres that connect left and right cerebral hemispheres. In the lateral section, it looks a bit like a “C” on its side (part that if you cut through person becomes vegetable, use to do perform this procedure on serial killers)

18
Q

Frontal lobe of cerebrum function

A

Used for reasoning, emotions, judgement, voluntary movements

19
Q

Medulla Oblongata function

A

Lowest section of the brainstem (at top of spinal cord); controls automatic functions such as heartbeat and breathing

20
Q

Occipital lobe of cerebrum function

A

Contains centres of vision and reading ability (located at back of head)

21
Q

Parietal lobe of cerebrum function

A

Middle lobe; contains important sensory centres (touch and temp awareness), emotions and speech

22
Q

Pons function

A

The part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum (located just above the cerebellum). Acts as a bridge between medulla and cerebellum to send messages.

23
Q

Temporal lobe of cerebrum function

A

Contains centres of hearing and memory

24
Q

What disease is characterized by decreased levels of dopamine? What about acetylcholine?

A

Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, respectively

25
Q

Retina to brain pathway

A 
Rods/cones 
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Optic nerve
Thalamus
Primary visual cortex
Visual association cortex
26
Q

What is the functions of the active and passive protein channels in the neural membrane?

A

Active: Na+ out and K+ in
*For every 3 Na+ pumped out, 2 K+ are pumped in; resets charge across membrane (sodium-potassium pump needed)
Passive: Na+ in and K+ out
NEGATIVE IONS too large to pass thru; stay where they are (amino acids are negative, inside the membrane)

27
Q

Anatomical differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

Sympathetic:

  • nerves come from thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
  • short, efferent pre-ganglionic nerve extends to ganglia near spinal cords
  • long, efferent post-ganglionic nerve extends to ganglia to target organ
  • 2 synapses between CNS neuron an target organ: 1) acetylcholine between CNS and autonomic neuron 2) epinephrine between ANS neuron an target organ

Parasympathetic:

  • nerves exit from the brain or vertebrae in cervical or caudal regions
  • long efferent preganglionic nerve with ganglia close to target organ
  • short efferent postganglionic nerve extends from ganglia to organs
  • acetylcholine released at second synapse
28
Q

What is the functions of the active and passive protein channels in the neural membrane?

A

Active: Na+ out and K+ in
*For every 3 Na+ pumped out, 2 K+ are pumped in
Passive: Na+ in and K+ out
NEGATIVE IONS too large to pass thru; stay where they are

Homeostasis (3 decks)

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