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Biology eduquas > Neurobiology > Flashcards

Neurobiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the brain

A

the co-ordinating centre of sensation and intellectual activity
continuous with the spinal cord

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2
Q

3 meninges

A
  • pia mater: delicate, on brain surface
  • dura mater: thick, lines skull and vertebral canal
  • arachnoid mater: between others, cushions brain
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3
Q

meningitis

A
  • inflammation of meninges
  • viral is more common and mild
  • bacterial is fatal
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4
Q

4 ventricles

A

connected cavities, continuous with the central cantal
into which cerebro-spinal fluid is secreted
- right/left lateral ventricles, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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5
Q

cerebro-spinal fluid

A

produced by cells lining the ventricles, resembles plasma
- supplies nutrients (glucose)
- supplies oxygen, carried in solution
- no RBCs = pale yellow colour
- contains antibodies and WBCs = role in resisting infection

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6
Q

hindbrain

A

sustains basic homeostatic functions
- cerebellum
- medulla oblongata

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7
Q

midbrain

A

contains nerve fibres linking hindbrain and forebrain
relays info for vision and hearing

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8
Q

forebrain

A
  • limbic system: associated with learning, memory and emotion. Hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus.
  • cerebrum: cerebral cortex
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9
Q

cerebellum

A
  • convoluted surface, provides space for cell bodies for a large number of neurones
  • co-ordinates voluntary tasks requiring fine motor control
  • precision and timing in muscular activity
  • contributes to equilibrium (balance) and maintaining posture
  • learning motor skills
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10
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • controls basic functions; ventilation, maintaining blood pressure, regulation of heartbeat
  • connects brain to spinal cord
  • controls involuntary, autonomic functions
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11
Q

hippocampus

A
  • interacts with cerebral cortex
  • contributes to learning, reasoning, personality, and consolidating memory into a permanent store
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12
Q

thalamus

A
  • relay centre
  • sends/receives impulses to and from cerebrum
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13
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • control general functions; body temp, blood solute conc, hunger, thirst, sleep
  • main controlling region of autonomic nervous system
  • links brain to endocrine system, through pituitary gland
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14
Q

cerebrum

A
  • 2 hemispheres
  • controls voluntary behaviour, learning, reasoning, personality, memory
  • functions subconsciously
  • source of intellectual function
  • integrates sensory function
  • initiates voluntary motor functions
  • grey matter surrounds white matter
  • higher cognitive function
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15
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • part of peripheral
  • controls automatic functions of the body by the antagonistic activity of the sympathetic / parasympathetic nervous systems
  • continuous function of internal organs
  • include reflex actions (sneeze, cough, swallow)
  • regulated in hypothalamus
  • decrease in blood pH or b.p = increased heart rate
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16
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • noradrenalin = excitatory = fight or flight
  • increase heart rate, b.p, ventilation rate
  • cell bodies in grey matter and ganglions
17
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • acetylcholine = inhibitory
  • decreases heart rate, b.p, ventilation rate
  • cell bodies in brain, spinal cord and close to target organs
18
Q

steps of increasing heart rate (exercise)

A
  • cardio-acceleratory centre stimulated
  • nervous impulses travel along sympathetic nerve fibres to SAN
  • noradrenalin released, binds to cell membrane receptors on SAN cells
  • SAN’s electrical discharge increases in frequency
  • heart rate increases
19
Q

steps of decreasing heart rate (sleep)

A
  • cardio-inhibitory centre stimulated
  • nervous impulses travel along parasympathetic nerve fibres to SAN
  • acetylcholine released, binds to cell membrane receptors on SAN cells
  • SAN’s electrical discharge decreases in frequency
  • heart rate decreases
20
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of nerve fibres connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres, allowing them to communicate

21
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outer 2-3mm of the cerebrum
  • essential functions: memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem solving, emotion
  • axons of neurons are deeper in the brain than cell bodies
  • highly folded surface = large SA = large number of neurones
  • motor, sensory, visual, auditory areas
22
Q

frontal lobe of cerebrum

A
  • personality
  • site of reasoning, planning, emotion, problem solving
  • dominant hemisphere includes Broca’s area (motor)
  • motor cortex
23
Q

temporal lobe of cerebrum

A
  • processes complex stimuli (faces, scenes)
  • auditory cortex = generates sound
  • role in memory and learning
  • left lobe contains Wernicke’s area (written / spoken speech)
  • not lateralised = neither dominant
24
Q

parietal lobe of cerebrum

A
  • sense of taste
  • role in visuo-spatial processing
  • somatosensory cortex
  • sensory processing
25
Q

occipital lobe of cerebrum

A
  • primary visual cortex
  • associated with vision

Biology eduquas (11 decks)

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