Neurobio introduction Flashcards
neurons make up circuits that as a whole are a neural system what are the 3 neural systems and their functions?
sensory systems: brings in information such as the state of organisms and the environment
associational systems: higher orders function of cognition such as perception, memory, attention, emotion, language, and thinking.
Motor system: organize and generate movements and actions
Regulator sequences are made up of promoters and introns what is its functions.
they determine when and where and how readily a gene will be expressed.
scientists such as Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon and Charles Sherringtion studied the brain and came up with theories as to how neurons are connected. Name and describe both.
The reticular theory says that the nervous system is not made up of discrete cells but by a web of cells all connected through cytoplasmic links
The neuron doctrine says that the nervous system is made up of discrete cells that communicate at specific points of contact called synapses.
how do neurons work
they receive and transmit information through action potentials.
how do dendrites work
they receive information from other neurons by binding to chemical neurotransmitters from other neurons.
how do axons work
conducts electrical impulses away from a neuron in order to release a chemical neurotransmitter from its terminal.
what are the two types of neurons
local circuit neurons; (interneurons) that have short axons and communicate only with their nearest neighbors.
Projections neurons: have very long axons that communicate to a distant target
what is convergence
a neuron with lots of dendrites ad a lot of dendritic branching will receive more information from many different neurons
what is integration
all of the inputs are summed and contribute to a single output from the axon
what is divergence
although there is typically only 1 axon exiting a neuron cell body the axon can branch to connect to other neurons
synaptic vesicles
membrane-bound structures that contain chemical neurotransmitters and releases neurotransmitters at the synapse to communicate with post-synaptic cell.
synaptic cleft
extracellular space between pre- and post-synaptic surfaces
myelin sheath
insulated (lipid-rich) wrapping around axon
what two cells wrap around the axons
oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells
the soma contains all organelles what do dendrites contain and axons contain
dendrites contain ribosomes and axons contain mitochondria in the axon terminals
nodes of ranvier
patches of uninsulated axon
what courses through the axons and dendrites
microtubules
what does tau do
bundles the microtubules together
what is located at the tip of dendrites and why
actin and because they are actively growing and they can change shapes
what is the functions of dendrite spine on the dendrites
to increase surface area of the dendrite so that more synapses can form.
