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Neuroanatomy > Neurobasics > Flashcards

Neurobasics Flashcards

1
Q

The Father of Neuroscience

A

Ramon y Cajal

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2
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

Cajal proposed that nervous system composed of individual neurons

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3
Q

System that controls voluntary skeletal muscle

A

Somatic NS

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4
Q

Nerve supply to organs

A

Visceral NS

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5
Q

Cluster of nerve cell bodies located OUTSIDE CNS

A

Ganglia

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6
Q

Only ganglia located in the CNS

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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7
Q

Cluster of nerve cell bodies located WITHIN CNS

A

Nuclei

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8
Q

Only neucli located outside CNS

A

Basal ganglia

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9
Q

Lemniscus, fasciculus, peduncle, column are all other names for what

A

tracts

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10
Q

budles of axons carrying similar information (axons with same origin and common termination)

A

tracts

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11
Q

awarenes of stimuli

A

sensation

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12
Q

interpretation of stimuli into meaningful information

A

perception

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13
Q

neuron with one projection off cell body

A

unipolar

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14
Q

single dendrite and single axon of cell body

A

bipolar

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15
Q

one axon and 2 or more dendrites

A

multipolar

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16
Q

Most peripheral nerves are of what structural classification

A

Unipolar

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17
Q

Retina, vestibular nerve, and cochlear nerve are of this type of classification

A

Bipolar

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18
Q

Most motor and CNS interneurons are of this structural classification

A

Multipolar

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19
Q

Flow of neurtransmitters, nutrients, protens form cell body TO THE TERMINUS

A

Anterograde transport

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20
Q

Flow of substances from terminus TO THE CELL BODY

A

Retrograde transport

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21
Q

Toxins, viruses, tracing dyes and nerve growth factor are transported in this maner

A

Retrograde transport

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22
Q

Partial loss of voluntary contraction (weakness)

A

paresis

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23
Q

complete loss of voluntary contraction

A

paralysis/plegia

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24
Q

Involuntary contractions (hiccups, eye twitches)

A

Myoclonus

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25
Q

Abnormally low resistance to passive stretch

A

Hypotonia

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26
Q

Lack of resistance to passive stretch

A

Flaccidity

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27
Q

Passive transport (diffusion) involves the what cations?

A

Na, Cl, K

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28
Q

Is chlorine concentration greater outside or inside?

A

Outside

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29
Q

Active pumps require what to function?

A

ATP

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30
Q

Resting membrane potential is maintained by what mechanisms?

A
  1. Passive transport
  2. Active transport
  3. Negatively charged ions/proteins trapped
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31
Q

cells of the nervous system are called what? (hint glue)

A

neuroglia (10/1) greater than neurons - can divide and multiply

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32
Q

What glial cells add structure, are on BBB, maintain K levels, and guide migrating neurons while also causing scar tissue in CNS injury?

A

Astrocytes

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33
Q

Glial cells that myelinate axons in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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34
Q

Antibodies with this dissease attack oligodendrocytes

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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35
Q

Glial cells that myelinate axons in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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36
Q

Antibodies with this disease attack Schwann Cells

A

Guillian-Barre

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37
Q

Phogcytotic glial cell that is activated in Alzheimer’s and AIDS

A

Microglia

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38
Q

Glial cells that line ventricles and sentral canal and produce CSF

A

Ependymal cells

39
Q

Two ways to communicate between astrocytes and neurons are what

A
  1. neurons directly stimulate astrocytes

2. Astrocytes release glutamate into neurons via gap junctions

40
Q

Astrocytes located in gray matter

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

41
Q

Astrocytes located in white matter

A

Fibrous astrocytes

42
Q

Schwann cells myelinate 1 segement of how many axons in the PNS

A

1 segement of 1 axon

43
Q

Oligodendrocytes myelinate 1 segement of how many axons in CNS

A

1 segement of multiple axons

44
Q

Primarty recptor area are what in a neural cell

A

Dendrites

45
Q

type of chemical synapse that is usually excitatory and most numerous in nervous system

A

axo-dendritic

46
Q

types of synapse that is usually inhibitory

A

Axo-somatic

47
Q

type of synapse that causes presynaptic inhibition or fascilitation by reducing or increasing calcium influx

A

Axo-axonic

48
Q

Sodium channels are most numerous where in motor and intermotor neurons

A

Axon hillock (travels down axon)

49
Q

Sodium channels are most numerous where in sensory nerves

A

Trigger zone near receptor (travel up axon)

50
Q

biding of NT/NM causes sodium influx or CL to leave cell and raises membrane potential

A

EPSP`

51
Q

binding of NT/NM to a receptor on a neuron causing efflux of K or influx of CL and lowers RMP below -70

A

IPSP

52
Q

what 2 drugs block voltage-gated Na channels to reduce pain transmission of sensory nerves

A

procain (novocaine) and lidocaine

53
Q

type of channel that allows diffusion of ions slowly and continuously and is important in maintaining osmotic gradients and membrane potentials

A

Leak channels

54
Q

Channels found on receptors that open in response to a specific stimulus

A

Modality-gaited channels

55
Q

receptors for NT/NMs

A

Ligan-gated channels

56
Q

A response to change in membrane potential opens these channels

A

voltage-gated channels

57
Q

closing of Na channels and opening of K channels signifies what

A

Repolarization

58
Q

molecules released that have short=term quick effect at the synapse of another cell

A

neurotransmitters

59
Q

Molecules that cause a long=term delayed effect

A

Neuromodulators

60
Q

Major excitatory NT in CNS

A

Glutamate

61
Q

major inhibitory NT in CNS

A

GABA

62
Q

Two GABAs that increase the influx of chlorine

A

GABA-a and GABA-c

63
Q

GABA molecule that increases potassium efflux

A

GABA - b

64
Q

NT released on post-ganglionic neurons, can be excitatory or inhibitory

A

NE

65
Q

NT invlved in motor control, associated with feelings of pleasure/reward

A

Dopamine

66
Q

NT produced by neurons in brainstem assoicated with happiness

A

Serotonin

67
Q

Low levels of his NT associated with depression, anxiety, and OCD

A

Serotonin

68
Q

This drugs binds to GABA receptors to decrease GABAs effect

A

Diazepam (Valium)

69
Q

NT implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorders

A

NE

70
Q

Re-uptake of this NT with cocaine and amphetamine uses

A

Dopamine

71
Q

NT causes muscle contraction in PNS

A

ACH

72
Q

NT released from pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic neurons and from preganglionic sympathetic nerurons in ANS

A

ACH

73
Q

NT released from neurons at base of cortex in CNS and from pedunculopontine nucleus

A

ACH

74
Q

NT released by sensory neurons transmitting pain

A

Substance P

75
Q

NT that inhibit neurons involved in PERCEPTION of pain

A

Endorphins and enkephalins

76
Q

NT that inhibits the spinal cord

A

Glycine

77
Q

NT produced by neurons in RAPHE NUCLEI of BRAINSTEM and project to other areas of brain and spinal cord

A

Serotonin

78
Q

NT produced by SBUSTANTIA NIGRA and VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA of MIDBRAIN; axons project to BASAL GANGLIA, FRONTAL CORTEX, AMYGDALA AND HIPPOCAMPUS

A

Dopamine

79
Q

Types of receptor that causes rapid, short-term effect when bound by NT

A

LIgan-gated (ionotrophic)

80
Q

NT receptor that causes a change in protein that changes neural function (open channels)

A

G-protein

81
Q

Receptor that causes a change in protein that in turn causes enzymatic changes in cells

A

G Protein Second Messengers

82
Q

Synapse disease where auto-antibodies to ACH receptors are made

A

Myasthenia Gravis

83
Q

Synapse disease where auto-antibodies to Ca channels are made

A

Eaton-Lambert Syndrome (Myasthenic Syndrome)

84
Q

Synapse disease that attach vesicles in the membrane

A

Botulism

85
Q

synapse disease that cleaves proteins in inhibitory interneurons resulting in tetanic contractions

A

tetanus

86
Q

Weakness of levator palpebrae superiors, EOM and limb muscles that WORSENS WITH EXERCISES are Sxs of what

A

Myasthenia Gravis

87
Q

Drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase enzyme to treat MG

A

Neostigmine

88
Q

type of MG confined mostly to eye muslces

A

ocular

89
Q

type of MG affecting eye, face and proximal limb muslces

A

generalized (can progress to severe generalized ie worse version)

90
Q

type of MG affecting respiratory muscles

A

‘crisis’ (grave part)

91
Q

Eaton-Lambert characterized by loss of what ion channels at presynaptic neurons

A

Calcium

92
Q

Eaton-lambert pt can improve with what activity unlike MG

A

exercise (increases AcH) release

93
Q

fibers that connet the pre and post synaptic membranes together at NM junction contain what enzyme?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (breakdown excess Ach)

Neuroanatomy (2 decks)

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