Neuroanatomy & Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

produce, store and circulate CSF

A

ventricles

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2
Q

3 layers of the brain meninges

A

pia mater (innermost), arachnoid, dura mater (outermost)

hint: meninges PAD the brain

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3
Q

this layer of the meninges molds around sulci and gyri. what is?

A

pia mater (innermost, beneath sub-arachnoid space)

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4
Q

subdural space

A

beneath dura mater, above arachnoid layer

bleed = subdural hematoma

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5
Q

central point for all incoming and outgoing information and basic life functions of brain

A

Brain stem

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6
Q

3 components of brain stem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

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7
Q

control center for involuntary reflexes such as breathing, HR, BP, swallowing, vomiting

A

medulla (lowermost part of brain stem)

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8
Q

essential for facial movements, facial sensation, hearing, eye movements

A

pons - connects cerebellum and cerebral cortex

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9
Q

part of brain stem involved in vision, hearing, alertness, and arousal

A

midbrain

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10
Q

these nuclei modulate arousal, alertness, concentration, biological rhythms

A

reticular activating system

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11
Q

which sense does NOT pass through diencephalon

A

smell

all others relay through thalamus

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12
Q

controls autonomic nervous system (temp, hunger, thirst, endocrine, sleep-wake, emotion, behavior)

A

hypothalamus (diencephalon)

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13
Q

injury to this brain region affects voluntary motor nerves, causing slowness and muscular rigidity

A

basal ganglia - regulates motor and premotor cortex

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14
Q

controls direction, rate, force, steadiness of movements

A

cerebellum

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15
Q

result of injury to basal ganglia vs cerebellum

A

basal ganglia - slowness, loss of movement, muscular rigidity

cerebellum - trouble with fine motor movement, trajectory, balance, proprioception

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16
Q

gyri vs sulci vs fissures

A

gyri - elevated ridges
sulci- small grooves
fissures - deep grooves

17
Q

injury to this region of the cortex causes difficulty making decisions, organizing and prioritizing, initiating and inhibiting actions, controlling emotions

A

prefrontal cortex

18
Q

a patient presents with reduced motivation, impaired attention, and poor judgement following a TBI. What area of their cortex is likely affected?

A

frontal lobe

19
Q

match:
Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
parietal and frontal lobe

A

Broca’s - frontal (L)

Wernicke’s - parietal (L)

20
Q

a patient presents with agraphia, acalculia, and aphasia after a TBI. The area of the cortex most likely affected is ____

A

somatosensory cortex, parietal lobe

21
Q

atlas and axis

A

first (atlas) and second (axis) vertebra (cervical)
atlas - up and down skull movement
axis - side to side skull movement

22
Q

spinal cord passes through ____ into vertebral canal

A

foramen magnum

23
Q

central cord syndrome

A

cervical injury site, incomplete injury
often result of fall in person with neck arthritis or spondylosis

presents as weak/numb arms and often accompanied by bowel/bladder incontinence

24
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

only one side of spinal cord is injured

ipsilateral paralysis/ loss of touch sensation
contralateral loss of pain/temp

25
Q

anterior cord syndrome

A

loss of muscle control, pain/ temp sensation below level of lesion
(retain proprioception/touch sensation)

26
Q

posterior cord syndrome

A

presents with strength but no sense of where limbs are in space below level of damage (proprioception)

27
Q

CT scan and use

A

computed tomography - combines multiple X-rays to produce cross-sectional and 3D view

use to identify gross anatomical changes

28
Q

brain imaging appropriate for soft tissues

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

more detail than CT scan

29
Q

diffusion tensor imaging and use

A

type of MRI, measures rate of water diffusion between cells

provides info about connectivity and continuity of neural pathways

30
Q

open TBI are primarily (focal/diffuse)

A

focal (such as contusions, lesions, hematomas)

31
Q

rotational/angular forces that cause traumatic inertial brain injuries are primarily (focal/diffuse)

A

diffuse (such as hemorrhage)

32
Q

Hebbian learning

A

basically, neurons that fire together wire together (neuroplasticity)

33
Q

T/F: as our behavior and experience changes, there are resulting changes to our brain topography

A

TRUE

34
Q

the size and complexity of a ____ determine the volume of synapses

A
dendrite arbor
(dendritic spines have ability to change in response to experience)
35
Q

neurogenesis occurs in which specific regions of the developed brain?

A

hippocampus - subventricular zone and dentate gyrus

36
Q

excitotoxicity

A

failure of neurons to maintain resting potential due to sodium-potassium pump failure and subsequent accumulation of sodium and calcium

(secondary injury to brain injury)