Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology Flashcards
What is it called when you look at the brain from below?
Ventral view
What is it called when you look at the brain from above?
Dorsal view
What direction is the frontal part of the brain referred to as?
Anterior
What direction is the forebrain referred to as?
Posterior
What is a coronal plane?
A vertical plane that divides a part of the brain into dorsal and ventral
What is a Sagittal plane?
Dividing brain into left and right sides
What is a horizontal plane?
Dividing brain into superior and inferior parts
What are two parts of the peripheral nervous system called?
Autonomic and Somatic
What are the two parts of the SNS?
Sensory (afferent) & Motor (efferent)
What are two parts of the ANS?
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do?
Arouse
What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do?
Calm
Name 3 areas of the brain that are involved in the Central Nervous System
Forebrain, Midbrain & Hindbrain
What structures are in the Forebrain?
Cerebrum, Subcortical (basal ganglia & limbic system), Thalamus & Hypothalamus
Name the structures or the Hindbrain
Cerebellum, Pons & Medulla
What are the four lobes of the cortex?
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal & Occipital
What is the function of the Frontal lobe?
- Social reasoning
- Inhibition of behaviours
- Planning & reasoning
- Movement
What is the function of the Parietal lobe?
- processing sensory information
- combines visual and sensory information
- processes symbols in maths and language
What is the function of the Temporal lobe?
- Language recognition and production
- Olfactory sensory processing
- Emotional processing
- Memory
What is the function of the Occipital lobe?
- Responsible for visual information
What structures does the Limbic system consist of?
Cingulate Gyrus, Hypothalamus, Mammillary body, Hippocampus, Amygdala & Olfactory bulb
What is the function of the Blood Brain Barrier?
To block chemicals from entering and protect the brain
What are the ways that chemicals can pass the BBB?
- Fat soluble molecules & small uncharged molecules
2. Active transport system
What are the 3 layers of meninges called?
- Dura Mater
- Arachnoid Mater
- Pia Mater
Outline Luria’s Model of Brain Functioning I
Cortical areas in the posterior and anterior brain that are structured as follows:
- Primary - unimodal sensation(s)/execution(m)
- Secondary - Unimodal elaboration (s) /sequencing(m)
- Tertiary - Heteromodal integration(s)/planning (m)
Mesulum’s model theorizes that the two brain hemispheres are responsible for…
- Right - spatial attention
2. Left- language network
According to Mesulum, the left hemisphere consists of what language focused areas?
Wernicke’s and Broca’s
According to Mesulum, the right hemisphere involves ________ structures in regards to spatial attention.
Dorsal posterior parietal cortex, frontal eye fields and cingulate gyrus
According to Mesulum, the areas responsible for memory and emotions are…
Amygdala, Hippocampus & Entorhinal cortex
What research methods are used for looking at specific areas (high spatial resolution)?
PET, FMRI & fNIRS
What research methods are used for looking at the speed of things (high temporal resolution)?
EEG (sometimes skin conductance and EMG)
What research methods are used to stimulate an area?
tDCS & TMS
What is microneurography?
Using needle electrodes to measure electrical current from neurons
What is fNIRS?
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy which projects light through the scalp and skull into the brain.
