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Patho III Exam 1 > Neuroanatomy & Function I > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy & Function I Flashcards

1
Q

basic overview
structural breakdown of nervous system
CNS, PNS
autonomic and somatic
parasymp. symp
efferent v afferent

A

CNS = brain and spinal cord
PNS = peripheral nevers, cranial nerves, spinal nerver roots & ganglia (cell bodies in groups)

Somatic: voluntary control
motor (Efferent) moving toward the CNS
sensory (Afferent) moving away from the CNS

Autonomic: invountary control (happens automatic)
parasymp: rest/digest
sympa: fight & flight

Afferent = often means toward from a region (like away from the CNS TOWARD the stimuli)

Efferent = often means away from a region (like away from the stimuli towards the CNS)
afferent sensory: sensation from the areas to the CNS
motor = efferent : gores from the CNS to the area
aspects of the autonomic and somatic NS can be found both centrally and peripherally

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2
Q

Neuron Cell Anatomy Overview

A

Neuronal Body
- cell body/soma/perokaryon

Dendrite = intake the information
- branches of dendrites have spines on the ends = responsible for intaking information, adjusting and creating new connections/receptors with memory, learning & increased sleep

Axon = transferrs information away from the cell body towards the synapse to pass it along
- Hillock = closest aspect towards the cell body
- initial segment = first part
- branches/telodendria = which connect to the synpase

neurons contain a nucleus and all other normal aspects of a cell !!

input of singal –> dendrites –> cell body –> axon –> synpase

  • orthodromic transmission of signal = forward
  • antidroic passing of a signal (backwards) is rarely normal & commonly pathological
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3
Q

types of neurons

A

bipolar: seen in special senses (visual and vistubular systems and smell)
- one dendrite, one axon and multiple branches off each

Psudeo-unipolar : seen in peripheral nerves mostly, in the sensory ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves
- contain a peripheal axon “dendrite” and central axon

Multipolar: seen in the CNA and PNS, most common type of nerve
- one axon, many branches & multiple dendrites

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4
Q

neurons
nerve fiber
fasciale
& the covering
(where are the blood vessels?)

A

neurons = single nerve cell
nerve fiber = refers to the axon
multiple axons together = fascicle
multiple fasciles = nerve

nervous tissue = contains the nerve, neurons an the glial cells

blood vessels: vasa nervosum = contained within the connective tissue sheaths= each layer

Epineurum = surrounds the nerve
Perineurium = around a fascicle
Endoneurium = around each axon

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5
Q

what type of glial cells are found within the CNS

what type are found within the PNS

A

CNS Gial Cells
- glial cells: those responsible for chemical and physical support to neruons
- astrocytes
- microglia
- oligodendrocytes
- ependymal cells

PNS glial Cells
- Schwann cells
- Satellite cells

seen to be equal in number to the amount of neurons in brain

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6
Q

Astrocytes
- what are they & where are they found
- function

A

ASTROCYTES
- found within the CNS : Glial Cell
responsible for…
- NT (glutamate) clearance from the synpase (becuase it cannot be left there (toxic!))
- glycogen storage = energy for the neurons
- BBB component (strengthens)
- pH balancer: alkaline
- stabilzie and cushion the neurons within the CNS

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7
Q

Microglia
- what are they & where are they found
- function

A

MICROGLIA
- CNS glial cell
responsible for….
- immune function within the brain!!! = seen as the immune cells of the brain as the BBB blocks any immune cells from body to enter it
- innate immune responders: phagocytosis, antigen presenting abilites
- become active during inflammation, trauma, degeneration and space occupying lesions of the brain
- function even when not “activated”
- can be initially protective in neurodegeneration, but over time play a role in autoimmune processes

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8
Q

Oligodendrocytes
- what are they & where are they found
- function

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES
- CNS glial cells!
responsible for…
- the production of mylein in the CNS!!
- mylein: coats the axons of nerves making signals pass much faster through them

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9
Q

Ependymal Cells
- what are they & where are they found
- function

A

EPENDYMAL CELLS
- CNS glial cells

Responsible for…
- found within the choroid plexus of ventricles in the brain (choroid plexus is what makes CSF; a network of blood vessels)
- these cells are what actively make the CSF within the plexus
- can be found also in the spinal cord’s central canal

(common pediatric tumor = ependymoma)

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10
Q

Schwann Cells
- what are they & where are they found
- function

A

SCHWANN CELLS
- PNS: glial cells

responsible for…
- mylein production for the neurons within the PNS
- surround most of the axons of the body: but thye only direclty myleinate some of them

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11
Q

what is mylein

grey matter v white matter within the brain

A

mylein
- an insulating layer of lipid material which is produced from schwaan cells & oligodndrocytes in the nervous system to surround axons of nerves and increase signal conduction
- increase velocity and strength of the signal

WHITE MATTER: myleinated axons from nerves within th ebody

GREY MATTER: the cell bodies of the neurons

primarily, the cortex is grey matter, with white matter deep to that (but grey matter returns in the deepest areas of the brain (thalmus, hypothalm, etc.)

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12
Q

Neurolgical Lesions
- examples
- focal v diffuse?

what about a seizure

A

Lesion = injury to a body part

Types of Lesions
- strokes (ischemis or hemorrhagic)
- TBI
- Space Occupying Lesions (neoplasms, tumors)
- Infections
- Progressive/genetic Conditions (Huntington’s Disease)

Focal
- damange to a SPECIFIC AREA: inturruptinga SPECIFIC FUNCTION

DIffuse
- damage which results in large deficts in function
- seen with a hemorrhage (bleed) or space occupying lesion as it inturrupts multiple parts of the brain & results in multiple symptoms

Seizures are NOT lesions: there is no “damange” but rather just spontaneous excitatory neuron discahrging/firing

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13
Q

Anatomical Directions as it relates to the brain

A

Anterior posterior = the same (front back)
superioe inferior = the same (top bottom)

Dorsal and ventral (top bottom)
- dorsal = top
- ventral = bottom

Rostral = toward the front & up (frontal cortex)
Caudal = toward back and down (occipial lobes)

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14
Q

components of the cerebral cortex & Lobes
(draw them out or describe where they are)

A

The Cerebral Cortex: a grey matter covering of the brain which is divided into lobes dependent on location and function
contain gyri and sulci: folds and grooves within the cortex which illustrate individal locations and demarcations of the brain

Frontal Lobe
- separated from the paritel lobe via the Central Sulcus

Precentral gyrus: the primary motor area
postcentral gyrus: the primary sensory area

Lateral Suluc (Sylvian Fissure) separates the temporal lobes from the frontal

longitudinal fissure: separates right from left hemispheres

the corpus collusum:network of white matter connecting the two hemispheres

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15
Q

key landmarks from the ventral view of the brain
- and their assocaited functions

A

Uncinate Process
- commony area of the brain to herniate during a brain hernaition (down through the skull to spine)

Parahippocampal gyrus
- memory center

Lingual gyrus
- vision center

Fusiform Gyrus
- Facial Recognition

Inferior temporal gyrus
- vision

inferior occipital gyrus
- vision

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16
Q

key landmarks from the medial view of the brain

A

corpus callosum
- white matter connecting left to right hemispheres

Cingulate Gyrus & sulic
- limbic system (emotion and behavior regulation)

Superior Front gyrus
Paracentral Lobuble
precuneus
cuneus (visual processing in occipital)
lingual gyrus (vision)
hippocampal gyrus
fusiform gyrus (facial recognition)
inferior temproal gyrus

uncus (memory, smell & emotions)
Fornix (white matter for memory connection to hippocampus)

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17
Q

Frontal Lobe
- boundaries
- vascular supply
- functions

A

Boundaries
- from the central sulcus to the frontal pole of the cerebral cortex to the edges of the later fissure (inferior boundary is the roof of the eyes)

Vasculature
- internal carotid branches to anterior cerebral artery & middle cerebral artery

Functions
- primary motor function : at the precentral gyrus
- higher order thinking (initaive, judgement, abstract reasoning, creativity, etc.)

18
Q

Broca’s Area
- location
- Broadmann’s number
- function
- connection

A

BROCAS AREA
- located in the frontal lobe (most commonly) on the left sided inferiorly (if individual is right-handed they are mostly left brain dominant)

function = production of coherant motor speech

connected to Wernicke’s area (angualr gyrus) via the arcuate fasiculus

Broadmann’s Area = 44 & 45

injury to Broca’s Areas = results in no issues with comprehension of speech but issue with motor production of speech leading to delayed speech but logical and comprehensive words, just fewer words spoken, less inflection in tone, etc.

19
Q

Parietal Lobe
- location
- boundaries
- blood supply
- strucuture within
- function

A

PARIETAL LOBE
- from the central sulcus to the parieto-occipital fissure and then laterally to the lateral fissure

BLOOD = MCA and some effect of the ACA

Structures
- postcentral gyrus: primary sensory cortex

Function
- sensory function: touch, taste, and temperature
- an intergration location: integrating sensory function to produce images and understanding of the world around

20
Q

Temporal Lobe
location & boundaries
Blood supplt
function

A

Location & Boundaries
- sits below the lateral fissure, then extendds back to the parieto-occipital fissure and meets in the middle

BLOOD = MCA from the internal carotid

Function
- processing auditory information
- memory
- speech
- vision

21
Q

Werinicke’s Area
location
function
broadmanns area numbers

A

Wernicke’s Area: located in the temporal lobe (some overlap into the parietal lobes) on the left side of the brain – or whichever side the individal is brain dominant (usually left)

Function
- word processing and language input : understanding words (receptive speech)

Broadmann’s Areas
- 22 (superior temproal)
- 39 (angualr gyrus)
- 40 (supramarginal gyrus)

injury to the wernicke’s area of the brain results in word salad speech: in which the patient has no problem speaking, but the contents of speech has no meaning

22
Q

Occiptial Lobe
location & boundaries
fuction
blood supply

A

Location & Boundaries
- sitting behind the pariteo-occiptial fissure

BLOOD = basilar artery gives rise to teh Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Function
- processing visual imput

23
Q

Visual Pathways

A

input from the left and right visual fields
to the optic nerves
o the optic chiasm (where the left nasal visual field and the right nasal visual field cross over)
to the optic tracts (each having information from either the right or left visal fields
to the lateral geniculate body (of the thalmus)
to the optic radiations (which seperate vision into the quadrants
to the occiptial visual cortex

(so information at the left visial cortex is the information taken in from the right visual field (via the right nasal and left temporal rentina))

some of the fibers also transmit signals from the optic tracts to the superior colliculus in midbrain on the same side of which they arise then go to the frontal eye fields (frontal lobe) to the vertical gaze center in midbrain, to the horizontal gaze in the pons and then to control eye an neck moving

24
Q

Insular Lobe
function
location

A

Location
- deep to the temporal lobe

Function
- integration center
- emotional center
- consciousness
- homeostasis
- pain
- vestibular
- gustatory

25
Q

Broadmann Area 4

A

Pre-Central Gyrus = location

Primary Motor Cortex = function

26
Q

Broadmann area’s 3,1 & 2

A

Location: Postcentral Gyrus
Function: Primary Somatosensory

27
Q

Brodmann’s Area 6

A

Location = Rostral to the primary motor cortex (just above and in front)

Function = Motor Planning: premortor area for extrenally motivated activies (laterally) & Supplementary Motor: form internally motivated movements (medically)

28
Q

Broadmann’s Area
17

A

Location = posterior to the calcarine sulcus (just below the cuneus)

Function = visual cortex

29
Q

Brodmann’s Area
22
39
40

A

22 = superior temporal gyrus
39 = angular gyrus
40 = supramarginal gyrus

all responsible for wernicke’s area and speech receptive

30
Q

brodmann’s area
41, 42

A

Location = within the lateral fissure just medial to area 22

Function = auditory areas

31
Q

Brodmann’s Area
44 & 45

A

Location = inferior frontal gyrus

Function = Broca’s Area for Motor Speech

32
Q

Tracts v Commisures

A

Tracts
- axons, myleinated which typically travel in a vertical fashion
- also called fasciculus or pathways

Commisure
(cross overs)
- axons, myleinated or unmyleinated
- usually cross over to the contralateral side
- can be in the brain or spinal cord
- also called decussation

33
Q

Key White Matter Pathways to know
INTERNAL CAPSULE

A

Internal Capsule
- a tract/pathway which travels from top to bottom of a single hemisphere of white matter
- goes from the cortex to the brainstem
- supplied by the MCA

parts
- anterior limb: front/pariteo pontine fibers
- genu: the turn: corticobulbalr tracts
- posterior limb: decending voluntary motor pathways and acending pathways from thalmus to basal ganglia

34
Q

Key White Matter Pathways to Know
CORPUS CALLOSUM

A

corpus callosum
- connects the two hemispheres together at the cortical elvel

35
Q

Key White Matter Pathways to Know
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR COMMISURES

A

Anterior Commisure
- ventral to the rostral area of teh corpus callosum
- used for smell and limbic function

posterior commisure
- connect prenucli (midbrain) to each other from each hemisphere
- good for pupillary reflex

36
Q

Parts of the diencephalon

A

thalmus
hypothalmus
epithalamus
subthalamus

37
Q

The Thalmus

A

two egg shaped things in the diencephalon
contain different nucli for differnt functions and tracts

Functions
- Sensory nuclei
- Motor nucli (with cerebellear influence)
- associative nuclei (ghih level congnition)
- limbic nuclei (mood and motivation)
- reticular and intralaminar nuclei (arousal and nociception)

38
Q

The Hypothalmus

A

Functions
- autonomic control
- hormonal control (to the pituitary)
- circadian rhythm
- hunger
- emotions

also contains specific nuceli which are invovled in specific pathways

39
Q

PItuitary Gland

A

anterior pituitary
- true gland: with portal system of blood where the signal from the hypothalmus is transported down infundibulum into capillary of pituitary & hormones (pro-hormones) are released to enter general circulation (bypass BBB)
- from arcuate, paraventricualr, periventricualr and suproptic nuceli in the hypothalmus

Posterior pituitary
- a neurohypophysis: meaning an extension tract of the hypothalmus itself
- supraoptic and paraventricaulr nuclei in the hypothalmus have axons which pass through here
- release oxytocin & vasopressin (ADH) which go directly into the systemic vasculature

40
Q

Epithalamus & Subthalamus

A

Epithalamus = pineal gland (secretes melatonin) & habenular nuclei (reward pathway; negative reward)

Subthalamus = at midbrain; part of basal ganglia for motor control

41
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

  • connects spinal cord to diencephalon

all parts of the brainstem contain nuclei tracts for….
- motor and sensory pathways
- arousal and consciousness
- autonomic and vital functions (breathing, peeing)
- cranial nerves
- pathways to/from thalmus, hypothalmus, cortex, cerebellum & spinal cord

42
Q

Brainstem Orientation based on Region
basal, tegmentum, tectum

A

Basal/basilar Region: of the midbrain, pons and medulla are all ventral (bottom) think base

Tegmentum: of midbrain, pons and medulla are all dorsal (highest up) ( this area is a motor relay center)

Tectum: in the midbrain, is dorsal and posterior to the cerebral aqueduct ( for reflexs to audiory or visual stimuli)

Patho III Exam 1 (4 decks)

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