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HHP 4064: Neuroanatomy > Neuroanatomy Exam #1 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

An injury to the spinal cord at which of the following areas would require a ventilator to maintain respiration?

A

C2-C3

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2
Q

If a neuron begins and ends in the left Lamina VII, it is a ….

A

Interneuron

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3
Q

A section of the lower lumbar or sacral vertebrae would not show a spinal cord, but rather show a bundle of nerves and roots called the _____________.

A

Cauda equina

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4
Q

Fine touch and conscious proprioception are conveyed through which of the following pathways?

A

Dorsal column/medial leminscal system

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5
Q

Interhemicord connections are made through the ______ of the spinal cord.

A

Gray commissure

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6
Q

Pain and temperature are conveyed through which of the following pathways?

A

Spinothalamic tract

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7
Q

Which of the following is the ONLY type of sensory neuron to have a direct, monosynaptic connection with alpha-motor neurons?

A

Group Ia from muscle spindles

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8
Q

The amount of ____________ present at any given level of the spinal cord is related to the amount of muscle innervated at that level.

A

Gray matter

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9
Q

The spinothalamic tract is named after a neuron that starts in the spinal cord and ends in the thalamus. This neuron is an example of _________.

A

A 2nd order neuron

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10
Q

A region on the surface of the skin for which all of the touch receptors enter the same level of the spinal cord is referred to as a _________.

A

Dermatome

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11
Q

Which of the following best describes a nuclear bag fiber?

A

An intrafusal muscle fiber characterized by a thick, central region filled with clusters of nuclei.

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12
Q

Nociceptors have afferent neurons of which of the following type?

A

Group III & IV

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13
Q

Which of the following statements about GTOs and their afferent neurons is not true?

A

GTOs stimulate Ib afferents, which monosynaptically inhibit the alpha-motor neuron pool

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14
Q

Secondary endings from spindles converge to create what type of afferent neuron?

A

Group II

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15
Q

Ruffini Endings are sensitive to all of the following except for___________.

A

Change in Chemical Composition

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16
Q

Within a dorsal root ganglion (DRG), somas are surrounded by flattened cells which are unique to the DRG called ____________.

A

Satellite glial cells

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17
Q

Which one of the following statements is false?

A

Spinal nerve roots are typically mixed (both afferent and efferent)

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18
Q

_______ transmission is the electrical conduction of an impulse across a non-structural point of contact without the mediation of a neurotransmitter.

A

Ephaptic

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19
Q

Which of the following type of structure contains the somas of all of the sensory afferent neurons as well as the neurons of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Ganglia

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20
Q

Which of the following is a loose connective tissue between individual neurons?

A

Endoneurium

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21
Q

What special purpose does primary active transport have, which requires it to use energy?

A

To pump ions against their gradient

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21
Q

EPSPs from 6 separate sources occur on a dendrite within close proximity of each other, and at the exact same time, thereby leading to an increased graded potential. This phenomenon is called _________.

A

Spatial Summation

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22
Q

An axon of which size would have the fastest conduction velocity?

A

12-20 micrometers

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23
Q

In myelinated neurons, action potentials “leap” from node to node in a process called ________.

A

Saltatory conduction

24
Q

If a neurotransmitter binds with a receptor on a dendrite and causes the membrane potential of the dendrite to hyperpolarize, then that neurotransmitter caused a/an _____________.

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

25
Q

Which of the following shows the proper order of transmission through a multipolar neuron?

A

Dendrites, Soma, Axon Hillock, Axon, Terminals

26
Q

The opening of voltage-gated ion channels is responsible for creating ___________.

A

Action potentials

26
Q

True or False: Retrograde axoplasmic transport is twice as fast as anterograde transport.

A

False

27
Q

Cellular respiration takes place in which of the following organelles?

A

Mitochondria

28
Q

Which of the following responds to chemical messengers?

A

Ligand-gated Channels

29
Q

The cerebellum belongs to which of the following major divisions of the brain?

A

Hindbrain

30
Q

Which of the following lists the major divisions of the human spinal cord in order from Inferior to Superior?

A

Coccygeal, Sacral, Lumbar, Thoracic, Cervical

31
Q

Performing a coronal section on a brain would allow you to view it from the point of view from which of the following structures?

A

The eyes (i.e. from the front)

32
Q

Fill in the blank: studies are ones in which sections of animal brains were intentionally removed or damaged in order to determine what function that location performed.

A

Ablation

33
Q

Which of the following was a military physician who was the first to document that head wounds led to motor deficits on the opposite side of the body?

A

Francois Pourfour du Petit

34
Q

True or False: White matter is white because it consists of neuron cell bodies.

A

False

35
Q

Contralateral?

A

Occurring on the opposite side of the body

36
Q

Ipsilateral?

A

Occurring on the same side of the body

37
Q

Sensory neurons which carry information from the periphery toward the central nervous system would be classified as which type of neuron?

A

Afferent

38
Q

Which of the following means nearer the back (especially in regard to animals)?

A

Dorsal

39
Q

Definition: Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

40
Q

Definition: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Consists of the cranial, spinal nerves, and associated ganglia

41
Q

Defintion: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary structures (e.g., heart, smooth muscle, glands).

42
Q

Two division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

43
Q

Definition: Sympathetic nervous system?

A

Helps the body respond to stress by speeding up the heart, opening airways, and getting ready to act quickly.

44
Q

Definition: Parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Helps the body calm down after stress. It slows the heart, helps you breathe more easily, and supports digestion.

45
Q

What are three major divisions?

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain

46
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

Largest part of the brain, responsible for thinking, memory, emotions, and controlling movement. Includes the cerebrum and diencephalon.

47
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Small part of the brain that helps control movement, eye movements, and processes sounds and sights.

48
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

Controls basic things like breathing, heartbeat, and balance. Includes the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum.

49
Q

The 5 major divisions of the Spinal Cord?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal Segments

50
Q

What is the Meninges?

A

Three protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater.

51
Q

What is the Subarachnoid Space?

A

The space between the arachnoid and pial membranes, contains the CSF.

52
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Gray in color, consists of nerve cells (specifically the cell bodies, or somas).

53
Q

What is white matter?

A

Consists of the axons of neurons, but not the cell bodies.

54
Q

Ancient Egyptians?

A

Recognized that brain injuries were associated with movement. Didn’t believe the brain was responsible for thought (that was the heart’s job).

55
Q

Alcmaeon and Anaxgagoras?

A

500 B.C., Pre-Socratic Greek Philosophers. Believed and taught that the brain was the organ of mind, which was generally not accepted. Alcmaeon even thought that the sensory organs were connected to the brain by channels (“poroi”).

56
Q

Francois Pourfour du Petit?

A

1664 – 1741 French anatomist and surgeon. As a military physician, Petit noticed and documented the striking correlation between soldiers’ head wounds and contralateral motor effects. Studied the internal spinal cord and was the first to document the decussation of the pyramidal tract.

57
Q
A

HHP 4064: Neuroanatomy (1 decks)

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