Neuroanatomy Event Flashcards
Frontal lobe of the brain is responsible for?
Motor
Urination
Major cognition
Temporal lobe of brain is responsible for?
Memory
Parietal lobe of brain is responsible for?
Sensory
Occipital lobe of brain responsible for?
Vision
Cerebellum function?
Regulation of movement
Characteristics of dura mater?
Outermost meningeal layer
Tough/fibrous
Sensory nerve supply from trigeminal nerve
Encloses rural venous sinuses “subdursl haemorrhage”.
Characteristics of arachnoid mater?
Middle meningeal layer
Arachnoid granulations (reabsorb CSF)
Lies outside of the subarachnoid space
Characteristics of subarachnoid space?
Contains circulating CSF
Risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage
Characteristics of pia mater?
Adherent to brain (hence nicknamed “faithful mother”) and contains blood vessels and nerves entering or leaving the brain.
What are the falx cerebri and tentori cerebellum?
Contained within the dura mater. These help to separate different lobes of the brain.
Subarachnoid space contains circulating CSF, what produces the CSF and what happens to it?
Produced by the choroid plexus in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles and reabsorbed into the dorsal venous sinus.
Extradural bleeding characteristics?
Between bone of skull and dura
Ruptured middle meningeal artery
Trauma to pterion where middle meningeal artery passes under
Subdural bleeding characteristics?
Separates dura from arachnoid
Torn cerebral veins
Falls in the elderly is a common cause
Subarachnoid haemorrhage characteristics?
Into CSF of the subarachnoid space
Ruptured circle of Willis (“berry aneurysm”)
Congenital aneurysm
What are the main arterial supplies of the brain areas?
Posterior brain - posterior cerebral artery
Lateral brain - middle cerebral artery
Anterior brain - anterior cerebral artery
What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN 5)?
CN V1 - Ophthalmic nerve
CN V2 - Maxillary nerve
CN V3 - Mandibular nerve
Trigeminal nerve is mixed modality. True/false?
True. CN V1 and V2 are sensory whilst CN V3 is both sensory and motor.
CN V1 supplies sensation to what areas of the face?
Skin over upper eyelid
Cornea
All the conjunctiva
Skin at the root/bridge of the nose
CN V2 supplies sensation to what areas of the face?
Skin of lower eyelid
Skin over maxilla
Skin of the ala of the nose (edge of the nostrils).
CN V3 supplies sensation to what areas of the face?
Skin over the mandible and TMJ (apart from the angle of the mandible - supplied by C2, C3 spinal nerves).
The layers of the scalp can be remembered using the mnemonic S.C.A.L.P. What does this stand for?
Skin (outermost)
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis (sheet of white fibrous tissue)
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium/periosteum
Glossopharyngeal nerve characteristics?
Special sensory to posterior 1/3rd of tongue
GAG reflex
Palatine tonsil
Eustachian tube
Middle ear cavity
Spinal accessory nerve has only motor innervation. True/false?
True
What muscles does spinal accessory nerve innervate?
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Clinical testing of spinal accessory nerve?
Shrugging the shoulders and turning the head to each side.
Is this the correct order?
Rootlets to roots to nerve to rami
Yes
Ventral roots = ? modality
Motor
Dorsal roots = ? modality
Sensory
How many vertebrae in the body? What does it consist of?
33 vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral - fuse to form 1 sacrum
4 coccygeal - fuse to form 1 coccyx
What do intrinsic muscles of the back do?
Help to maintain posture, long muscles that travel the length of the spine.
Examples of intrinsic muscles of the back?
Transversospinalis (deep)
Erector spinae (superficial, tucked into vertebrae).
Where are epidural anaesthetics usually administered?
L3/L4 level just before the spine becomes the cauda equina.
Bicep reflex spinal nerve pair?
C5/C6
Knee reflex spinal nerve pair?
L3/L4
Ankle reflex spinal nerve pair?
S1/S2
Ankle, bicep and knee spinal reflex rhyme?
1,2 buckle my shoe. Sural - ankle
3,4 kick down the door. Lumbar - knee
5,6 pick up a stick. Cervical - bicep
Paralysis characteristics
When muscle is without a functioning motor nerve supply. Paralysed muscle cannot contract. On examination there is reduced tone
Spasticity characteristics
When muscle has intact and functioning motor nerve. Descending controls from the brain do not work. Muscle has increased tone on examination.
Difference between haemorrhage and haematoma?
Haemorrhage = profuse bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel or copious blood loss.
Haematoma = localized bleeding outside of blood vessels.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Bleeding in the space between the brain and the surrounding membrane. Classically causes a sudden occipital headache which can be described as very severe.
On CT scan, subarachnoid haemorrhage will show light grey in subarachnoid space (centre of brain image) for the CSF whereas normal will be dark grey.
Intracerebral haematoma?
An intracerebral (or intraparenchymal) haemorrhage is a collection of blood within the substance of the brain.
Causes / risk factors include: hypertension, vascular lesion (e.g. aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation), cerebral amyloid angiopathy, trauma, brain tumour or infarct (particularly in stroke patients undergoing thrombolysis).
Presents with hyperdensity (bright lesion) on CT scan within substance of the brain.
Subdural haematoma?
Bleeding into the outermost meningeal layer. Most commonly occur around the frontal and parietal lobes.
Risk factors include old age, alcoholism and anticoagulation.
“Banana” shaped lesion on CT scan. Remember suB= Banana
Epidural (extradural) haematoma?
Bleeding into the space between the dura mater and the skull. Often results from acceleration-deceleration trauma or a blow to the side of the head.
Majority of time occurs at the pterion (thinnest area of the skull) which passes over the middle meningeal artery.
Has a convex “lemon” shaped lesion on CT scan.
Remember Epi=Pie=Lemon
Triceps tendon reflex nerve root?
C6/C7 however predominantly C7
Acute subdural haemorrhage on CT scan?
Crescent shaped on scan and usually white in colour.
Chronic subdural haemorrhage on CT scan?
Crescent shaped on scan and usually dark/black in colour.
