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CU Child Neurology Neuroanatomy Review > Neuroanatomy cortex Ventricles CN I-VI > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy cortex Ventricles CN I-VI Flashcards

1
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Neural tube fails to close
Happens around 4th week
Anterior Closure; day 25; Anencephaly
Posterior Closure; day 27; Meningocele

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2
Q

Glial Cells

A

Oligodendrocytes: Form Myelin

Astrocytes: Support, Nutrition, Vasoconstriction/dilation, removal of K+ and neurotransmitters from synapse, part of BBB; Release Glutamate (Excitatory)

Microglia: CNS Immune defense; Phagocytosis, Antigen presenting to T-Cells

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3
Q

BBB

A

CNS is Immune privileged due to BBB
Epithilial Tight jxn
Basement membrane
Astrocytes

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4
Q

Cereberal Cortex

A

Neocortex and Allocortex

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5
Q

NeoCortex

A 
6 cell layers:
Molecular
External Granular
External Pyramidal
Internal Granular
Internal Pyramidal
Multiform/Fusiform
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6
Q

AlloCortex

A

ArchiCortex: Thalamus; 3 cell layers
PaleoCortex: Olfactory cortex

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7
Q

Frontal Lobe functions

A

1) Movement:
Motor Cortex
Lesion = Contralateral Spastic Hemiparesis

Premotor area
Motor planing and sequencing

Frontal eye field
Lesion = Ipsilateral eye deviation

2) Language and speech:
Broca’s area = Left inferior central Gyrus (Opercular part)
Lesion = nonfluent aphasia

3) Cognition and Personality:
Dorsal Lateral Frontal Cortex
Executive function, problem solving, Abstract, working memory

Supplemental Motor Area and Anterior Cingulate Gyrus
Lesion = Akinetic Mutism

4) Behavior, motivation, judgement:
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Social Behavior, impulsiveness
Lesion = frontal relase signs (grasp, suck), abulia

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8
Q

Parietal Lobe function

A

2 important functions:

1) Sensory Cortex and Sensory integration
2) Spatial body map in enviornment

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9
Q

Parietal Lobe lesions

A 
Dominant Lobe (left):
Gerstmann's syndrome: Right-left confusion, Finger agnosia, acalculia, agraphia

Non Dominant Lobe:
Contralateral Sensory neglect, Construction apraxia, dressing apraxia, denial of deficit (anosognosia)

Bilateral Lobe lesion:
Balint’s syndrome: Ocular Ataxia, Oculomotor apraxia, Simultanagnosia.

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10
Q

Temporal Lobe functions

A

1) Auditory Cortex : Gyrus of Heschl

2) Language:
Dominant (Left): Comprehension, Wernicke’s area
Non-Dominant (right): Prosody (rhythm)

3) Visual recognition: Ventral “what” pathway
Lesion = Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)

4) Hippocampus: Longterm memory consolidation
Bilateral Lesion = Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

5) Olfactory cortex
Lesion = Anosmia

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11
Q

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

A

Lesion of bilateral Hippocampus (Temporal Lobe)
Hyperphagia,
Hypersexuality,
Visual Agnosia

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12
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A 
Lesion of Dominant Parietal Lobe
Right-Left Confusion
Finger Agnosia
Agraphia
Acalculia
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13
Q

Occipital Lobe functions

A

1) Cortical Visual Perception (Visual cortex)

2) Color discrimination

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14
Q

Unilateral Occipital lobe damage

A

Contralteral Homonymous Hemianopsia

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15
Q

Bilateral Occipital Cortex lesion

A

Cortical Blindness.

If a/w denial and confabulation = Anton Syndrome

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16
Q

Left Occipital lobe lesion

A

Involving the splenium of Corpus Callosum
Alexia without Agraphia (a disconnection syndrome)
can not read but can write. disconnection between visual and motor cortex and the memory/name recall area.

17
Q

Foster-Kennedy Syndrome

A

caused by Frontal Lobe tumor
Compression of one Optic nerve = visual field loss
Increased ICP = Papiledema
Compression of CN I = anosmia

18
Q

CN I

Olfactory

A

Does not join brain stem ( CN I and II)

Does not relay through Thalamus

19
Q

CN III
Occulomotor
Travels through Cavernous Sinus

A

Somatic part Innervates:
Levator Palpebrae (Opens the eye)
Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Inferior Oblique

Visceral part:
Parasympathetic nerves to Iris Sphincter from
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
Constricts the Pupil.

20
Q

CN III
Occulomotor
Travels through Cavernous Sinus
Arises from Midbrain

A

Somatic part Innervates:
Levator Palpebrae (Opens the eye)
Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Inferior Oblique

Visceral part:
Parasympathetic nerves to Iris Sphincter from
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
Constricts the Pupil.

21
Q

Pupil Sparing CN III Palsy

A

Most likely Diabetes Neuropathy.
May also be vasculitis, atherosclerosis.
Central Fibers are damaged.

22
Q

CN III Palsy with Contralateral Hemiparesis

A

Midbrain Corticospinal Tract Infarct.
(Corticospinal Tract Decussate at Medulla)

Contralateral UMN hemiparesis and Ipsilateral CN III Palsy

23
Q

CN IV
Trochlear
Travels through Cavernous Sinus

A

Innervates:
Superior Oblique
Long course; therefore, isolated Neuropathy common
Diabetes, Trauma, HTN, Atherosclerosis

24
Q

CN IV
Trochlear
Travels through Cavernous Sinus
Arises from Midbrain

A

Innervates:
Superior Oblique
Long course; therefore, isolated Neuropathy common
Diabetes, Trauma, HTN, Atherosclerosis

25
Q

CN VI
Abducent
Travels through Cavernous sinus
Arises from Caudal Pons

A

Innervates:
Lateral Rectus

Most Common isolated CN Nerve palsy due to long course
causes: SAH, Trauma, elevated ICP, Meningitis

26
Q

CN VI Palsy

A

Vertical Diplopia

Estropia (eye adducted)

27
Q

Duane Syndrome

A

Congenital absence of CN VI

28
Q

Mobius Syndrome

A

underdevelopped CN VI and VII

Facial paralysis and inability to move the eyes

29
Q

Pontine infarct

at Middle Cerebellar Peduncles

A

Can Affect Corticospinal tract and CN VI:

Contralateral UMN Hemiparesis
CN VI palsy (horizontal diplopia, Estropia)

30
Q

Pupilary Constriction

A

Parasympathetic
CN III Via Edinger-Westphal Nuclei
Ciliary Ganglion as the relay Nucleus

31
Q

Pupilary Dilation

A

Sympathetic

Via Internal Carotid Artery

32
Q

Pupilary Dilation

A

Sympathetic

Carried on the Internal Carotid Artery

33
Q

Marcus Gunn Pupil

Relative Afferent Pupilary Defect (RAPD)

A

Light into good eye both pupils constrict (Direct and Consensual)
Light into the bad eye. Light is not detected due to the lesion of the Optic nerve, etc.
Therefore both Pupils Dilate.

34
Q

Argyll-Robertson Pupil

Light-Near dissociation

A

a/w Neurosyphilis of midbrain
Pupils Accomodate but Do not react to light
pupil constrict with near vision but do not constrict with light

35
Q

Adie’s Myotonic Pupil

A

Degeneration of Ciliary Ganglion or post Ganglionic neurons.
Mid-Dilated Pupil
Poorly reactive to light

36
Q

Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome

Parinaud’s Syndrome

A

Damage to dorsal midbrain

  • Upgaze paralysis
  • Light-Near dissociation in mid-dilation (Pseudo Argyll-Robertson)
  • Eyelid Retraction (Collier’s sign)
  • Conjugate downgaze in primary position (Setting Sun sign)
37
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Sympathetic denervation (Carried on Internal Carotid Art)
Miosis
Ptosis
Hemi (face) Anhydrosis

CU Child Neurology Neuroanatomy Review (2 decks)

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