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NeuroRehab > Neuroanatomy - Brain > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy - Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Where does CN 1 exit skull

A

(olfactory nerve) - cribiform plate

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2
Q

Where does CN 2 exit skull

A

(optic n) - optic canal

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3
Q

Where does CN 3 exit skull

A

(oculomotor) - superior orbital fissure

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4
Q

Where does CN 4 exit skull

A

(trochlear) - superior orbital fissure

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5
Q

Where does CN 5 exit the skull

A 
Trigeminal 
Vi - superior orbital fissure
Vii - foramen rotundum
Viii - foramen ovale
(standing room only)
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6
Q

Where does CN 6 exit the skull

A

(abducens) - superior orbital fissure

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7
Q

Which CNs exit the superior orbital fisure?

A

CN 3-6 (Vi only)

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8
Q

Where does CN 7 exit the skull?

A

Facial - internal acoustic (auditory) meatus —> stylomastoid foramen

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9
Q

Where does CN 8 exit the skull?

A

Vestibulocochlear (auditory) n - internal acoustic meatus (doesnt exit skull)

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10
Q

Where does CN 9 exit the skull?

A

Glossopharyngeal N - jugular foramen

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11
Q

Where does CN 10 exit the skull

A

Vagus - Jugular foramen

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12
Q

Where does CN 11 exit the skull

A

Spinal accessory n - jugular foramen & foramen magnum

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13
Q

Where does CN 12 exit the skull

A

Hypoglossal N - hypoglossal canal

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14
Q

Through which opening do the middle meningeal arteries pass?

A

Foramen spinosum

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15
Q

Through what hole do the internal carotid arteries pass?

A

carotid canal

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16
Q

Through what hole do the vertebral arteries pass?

A

Foramen magnum

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17
Q

Name the 3 meninges

A

Dura, arachnoid, pia

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18
Q

What comprises the dura meninges

A

2 tough fibrous layers (periosteal, meningeal)‏
Falx Cerebri
Tentorium Cerebelli

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19
Q

What comprises the arachnoid meninges

A

Wispy layer adhering to inner dura

CSF

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20
Q

What comprises the pia meninges

A

Thin layer of cells
Adheres closely to surface of the brain
Along all gyri/ into sulci
Surrounds blood vessels as it penetrates
brain surface, then fuses with blood vessel
wall

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21
Q

Bi-uncal herniation could result in:

Why?

A

PCA infarct

Vertebral arteries enter via foramen magnum

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22
Q

Name the 4 types of herniation

A

Transtentorial
● Uncal
● Subfalcine
● Tonsillar

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23
Q

Branches of external carotid (in order)

A 
Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students 
● •‏S‏- superior thyroid artery 
● •‏A‏- ascending pharyngeal artery 
● •‏L‏- lingual artery 
● •‏F‏- facial artery 
● •‏O‏- occipital artery 
● •‏P‏- posterior auricular artery 
● •‏M‏- maxillary artery 
● •‏S‏- superficial temporal artery

(Blood supply to the thyroid, larynx, salivary glands, tongue, nose, lips, chin, palate, neck, face, ears, and lower portion of
the skull.)

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24
Q

anatomy of circle of willis

A 
ACA 
A Comm 
Internal Carotid 
MCA 
P Comm 
PCA 
Superior Cerebellar Art 
Basilar Artery 
Ant Inf Artery 
Post Inf Artery 
Vertebral Artery 
Anterior Spinal Artery
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25
Q

PCA supplies:

A

Inferior/Medial Temporal Lobe and Occipital Cortex

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26
Q

ACA supplies:

A

Most of anterior medial surface frontal to parietal lobes including sensorimotor cortex

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27
Q

MCA supplies:

A

Superior Division: Above Sylvian Fissure including lateral frontal lobe

Inferior Division: Below Sylvian Fissure including lateral temporal lobe, variable
parietal lobe

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28
Q

Which arteries supply BG

A

Lenticulostriate arteries from A1 (occasionally) and M1; often source of BG hemorrhage from HTN

Penetrating Vessels at Base
Arise from initial MCA
Supply basal Ganglia & Internal capsule

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29
Q

Describe venous drainage from the brain

A

Superficial Veins: Superior Sagittal Sinus and
Cavernous Sinus
Deep Veins: Vein of Galen
Internal Jugular Vein

30
Q

SAH blood contained where?

A

Located between Arachnoid

and Pia

31
Q

Most common site of aneurysmal SAH

Other causes of SAH? (5)

A

ACA, anterior circ

Saccular=Berry Aneurysm
● Other:Arteriosclerotic, Mycotic,
Dissecting, Traumatic, Neoplastic

32
Q

Describe the ventricle system

A 
2 lateral ventricles 
Foramen Monro 
3rd Ventricle (Thalamus, Hypothalamus)‏ 
Cerebral Aqueduct (Midbrain)‏ 
4th Ventricle (Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum)‏ 
Foramen Magendie, Foramina Luschka 
Cisterna magna 
Prepontine Cistern
33
Q

CSF

  1. produced by _______
  2. Passes from ventricular system through ____.
  3. Reabsorbed by _____
  4. Drained by _____
A

produced by Choroid Plexus
Passes from ventricular system through Foramina
Reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations
Drained by Dural Venous Sinuses

34
Q

CSF volume: ____ (adult)

Produced at what rate? ____ per hour, _____ per day

A

Volume: 150ml (adult)‏

Produced at 20ml/hour (500ml/day)‏

35
Q

Three times of hydrocephalus

A

Communicating
Non-communicating
E Vacuo

36
Q

Most common cause of communicating hydrocephalus

A

decreased CSF absorption

37
Q

Describe brain hierarchy

A 
Brain Stem (Mid Brain, Pons, 
Medulla Oblongata) 
Cerebellum 
Thalamus 
Limbic System 
Cerebral Cortex
38
Q

Midbrain comprised of which CNs?

A

CN II/III/IV

39
Q

Pons comprised of which CNs?

A

V/VI/VII/VIII (Pon pons - 5,6,7,8)

40
Q

Medula comprised of which CNs

A

CN IX/X/XI/XII

41
Q

Midbrain holds which 2 important nuclei and which 2 important tracts?

A

Oculomotor III nucleus and n
red nucleus
substantia nigra
Cerebral peduncle (Corticospinal tract, corticobulbar)

42
Q

Pons holds which important structures?
4 Nuclei
5 tracts
2 structures

A

Nuclei: Mesencephalic (CN 5), Main sensory (CN 5) Motor nucleus (CN5), Pontine nuclei

Tracts: MLF, Spinothalamic, trigeminal lemniscus, medial lemniscus, corticospinal (also CN 5)

Structures: Superior cerebellar peduncle, Middle cerebellar peduncle

43
Q

Medulla houses which important structures?
6 nuclei
5 tracts
4 structures

A

Nuclei: Hypoglossal Nucleus, Dorsal Motor Nucleus (CN10), Vestibular Nuclei, Nucleus solitarius, Spinal nucleus, Nucleus ambiguous

tracts: spinal tract (CN5), spinocerebellar tract, spinothalamic tract, corticospinal tract Medial lemniscus

Strctures: CN10, inferior cerebellar peduncle, inferior olive, CN 12

44
Q

autonomic structures of the medulla oblongata

4

A
  1. reticular formation
  2. cardiovascular centers
  3. Respiratory center
  4. solitary nucleus - taste information from anterior 2/3 (facial) and posterior 1/3 (glossopharen), and vagus n (epiglotis); chemoreceptors from carotid and aortic bodies via vagus n.

– input from 7, 9, 10

45
Q

3 relay centers of the medulla oblongata

A
  1. olivary nucleus
  2. Nucleus cuneatus
  3. Nucleus gracilis
46
Q

reticular formation
Caudal Pons/medulla
functions (7)

A
  1. respiratory center - solitary nuc
  2. pacemaker for respirations - boetzinger complex
  3. project to LMN C3-5 and upper thoracic
  4. Control of HR and BP
  5. Motor systems from 4 tracts (reticulospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal
  6. abnormal flexor/extensor posturing, CN reflexes
  7. coughing, hiccuping, sneezing, yawning, shivering, gagging, vomiting, swallowing laughing crying.
47
Q

Ascending reticular system:
Activating system
4 functions

A 
Ascending Reticular 
Activating System 
● Rostral: mesencephalon & 
upper pons 
● With projections to 
Thalamus/Hypothalamus, 
Basal Forbrain (Relays to 
Cortex) 
● Alertness/ Attention/ 
Consciousness

● Glutamate?

48
Q

Diencephalon comprised of 3 things

A

Thalamus
● Hypothalamus
● Pituitary Gland

49
Q

Thalamus: 4 factors

A

Major Sensory Relay Station
Motor Input Relay Station (Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia)‏
Limbic Input Relay Station
Involved in Behavioral Arousal and sleep-wake cycle

Medial Nuclear Group
Lateral Nuclear Group
Anterior Nuclear Group
Internal Medullary Lamina

50
Q

Relay nuclei of the thalamus do what? (4)

A

Relay Nuclei
Receive Input from numerous Pathways
●(Inner ear, Retina, Visual Cortex, Sensory
Pathways, Motor from Cerebellum & Basa Ganglia,
Premotor Cortex, Prefrontal Cortex)
●Project to the Cortex

●Screening/ Sorting/Preprocessing
●Behavioral Arousal, Sleep-wake cycle

51
Q

Underneath thalamus is the 3rd ventricle

  1. link between:
  2. ______ involved in homeostasis (5 things)
  3. _____ control
  4. _____ system (emotional influence on autonomic and homeostatic pathways)
A

Underneath Thalamus/ Floor of Third
Ventricle

● Link between the Neural and Endocrine Systems
● Hypothalamus involved in Homeostasis (Hunger, Thirst,
Sexual Desire,Sleep-wake cycle, Thermoregulation)
● Autonomic control (Preganglionic in brain stem, spinal
cord)
● Limbic System (Emotional influence on autonomic and
homeostatic pathways)

52
Q

Describe anatomy of pituitary and hormones secreted

A
  • Anterior Pituitary
    ● regulates endocrine system
    ● -ACTH, GH, Prolactin, TSH, LH, FSH

● - Posterior Pituitary
● Oxytocin
● Vasopressin

53
Q

What 7 things make up BG?

A 
Insula 
● Claustrum 
● Nucleus Caudatus 
● Globus Pallidus 
● Putamen 
● Subthalamic Nucleus 
● Substantia Nigra
54
Q

Basal ganglia function:

Inputs

A 
Inputs 
From Entire Cerebral Cortex 
Most excitatory 
Neurotransmitter: Glutamate 
Most Important: Striatum 
From Substantia Nigra/ Pars 
compacta 
Excitatory & Inhibitory 
Neurotransmitter: Dopamine 
Most Important to Striatum
55
Q

Basal Ganglia output

A 
Output 
● From Globus Pallidus & Substantia 
Nigra 
● Inhibitory: GABA 
● Mainly to Thalamus – Thalamus 
projects to Cortex 
● Reticular formation 
● Tectospinal tracts 
● Corticospinal tract
56
Q 
General motor control occurs in \_\_\_\_\_. 
Input: 
Relay in: 
Output: 
Critical for:
A

General Motor Control- Putamen

  1. Input: Somatosensory Cortex, primary Motor Cortex, Premotor Cortex
  2. Relay in Thalamus
  3. Output: Supplementary Motor Area, Premotor Cortex, Primary Motor Cortex
  4. Critical for Motor Planning &Motor Execution as well as sensory-motor integration
57
Q 
BG cognitive processes for frontal lobe occur in: 
Input: 
Relay: 
Output: 
Involived in (3) 
Formation of:
A

Cognitive process Frontal Lobe- Head of Caudate

  1. Input: Posterior Parietal Cortex; Premotor cortex
  2. Relay: Thalamus
  3. Output: Prefrontal Cortex
  4. Involved in Learning, Adaptation & Adjustment,
  5. Formation of new Behavioral Responses
58
Q

Eye movement regarding BG occurs in ______

  1. Input:
  2. Relay in:
  3. Output:
A

Eye Movement - Caudate
● Input: Posterior Parietal Cortex,Prefrontal Cortex
● Relay in Thalamus
● Output:Frontal Eye Fields, supplementary eye fields

59
Q

Emotion relayed in:
Input
Relay
Output

A

Emotion-Putamen, Caudate
● Input: Temporal Cortex, Hippocampus, Amygdala
● Relay in Thalamus
● Output: Anterior Cingulate, Orbital frontal Cortex

60
Q

Name the movement dysorders associated with BG: (5)

A 
● Movement Disorders/ Dyskinesias 
● Dystonia 
● Athetosis 
● Chorea 
● Parkinson's
61
Q 
Be able to label: 
Premotor cortex
Primary motor cortex (pre-central) 
Primary somatosensory cortex (post-central)
Brocas area
Wernickes area
Primary auditory cortex
Primary visual cortex
A

picture in lecture

premotor, primary motor (gyrus), primary somatosensory

Broca under premotor, wernicke, Primary auditory anterior to wernicke

visual - occipital

62
Q

Dominant hemi often which hemi?

Responsible for: (4)

A 
● Left (95% RHD, 60-70% LHD) 
● Language Processing 
● Praxis 
● Step-by-Step Formulation & 
Execution of Motor Tasks 
● Sequential/ Analytical calculating 
Skills
63
Q

Non-dominant hemi associated with (6)

A 
Nonverbal Functions 
● Complex visual-spatial skills 
● Constructional Abilities 
● Prosody- expressive & receptive 
● Attention 
● Personality change
64
Q

Frontal lobe executive function:

A

Restraint
● Judgement, Concentration, Inhibiting inappropriate response, delaying gratification
● Initiative
● Spontaneity, Curiosity, Motivation, Creativity, Mental
Flexibility
● Order
● Abstract Reasoning, Working Memory, Perspective,
Insight, Organization

65
Q

Dorsolateral lesion:

A

Abulia (passive, delayed responses, little

spontaneous activity)

66
Q

Orbitofrontal lesion

A

Disinhibition,Witzelsucht, Impulsivity

67
Q

Parietal lobe higher function (2)

A

Integration of Sensory Information

Visospatial Processing

68
Q

Occipital lobe higher function (1)

A

Visual Processing

69
Q

Temporal lobe higher function (5)

A

Primary auditory Cortex
● Auditory Processing including comprehension, naming, verbal memory
● Visual object perception and recognition, visual processing (faces, scenes)
● Declarative Memory (Facts/ Knowledge)
● Long-term memory

70
Q

Anterior temporal lobe function (3)

A
  1. Impairment of learning and retention of verbal material
  2. Right anterior temporal lobe damage: impairs recognition and recall of visual and auditory patterns
  3. Disinhibited social behavior
71
Q

Where is deep brain stimulator placed for parkinsons?

A

globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei

NeuroRehab (12 decks)

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