Neuroanatomy - Brain Flashcards
1
Q
Where does CN 1 exit skull
A
(olfactory nerve) - cribiform plate
2
Q
Where does CN 2 exit skull
A
(optic n) - optic canal
3
Q
Where does CN 3 exit skull
A
(oculomotor) - superior orbital fissure
4
Q
Where does CN 4 exit skull
A
(trochlear) - superior orbital fissure
5
Q
Where does CN 5 exit the skull
A
Trigeminal Vi - superior orbital fissure Vii - foramen rotundum Viii - foramen ovale (standing room only)
6
Q
Where does CN 6 exit the skull
A
(abducens) - superior orbital fissure
7
Q
Which CNs exit the superior orbital fisure?
A
CN 3-6 (Vi only)
8
Q
Where does CN 7 exit the skull?
A
Facial - internal acoustic (auditory) meatus —> stylomastoid foramen
9
Q
Where does CN 8 exit the skull?
A
Vestibulocochlear (auditory) n - internal acoustic meatus (doesnt exit skull)
10
Q
Where does CN 9 exit the skull?
A
Glossopharyngeal N - jugular foramen
11
Q
Where does CN 10 exit the skull
A
Vagus - Jugular foramen
12
Q
Where does CN 11 exit the skull
A
Spinal accessory n - jugular foramen & foramen magnum
13
Q
Where does CN 12 exit the skull
A
Hypoglossal N - hypoglossal canal
14
Q
Through which opening do the middle meningeal arteries pass?
A
Foramen spinosum
15
Q
Through what hole do the internal carotid arteries pass?
A
carotid canal
16
Q
Through what hole do the vertebral arteries pass?
A
Foramen magnum
17
Q
Name the 3 meninges
A
Dura, arachnoid, pia
18
Q
What comprises the dura meninges
A
2 tough fibrous layers (periosteal, meningeal)
Falx Cerebri
Tentorium Cerebelli
19
Q
What comprises the arachnoid meninges
A
Wispy layer adhering to inner dura
CSF
20
Q
What comprises the pia meninges
A
Thin layer of cells
Adheres closely to surface of the brain
Along all gyri/ into sulci
Surrounds blood vessels as it penetrates
brain surface, then fuses with blood vessel
wall
21
Q
Bi-uncal herniation could result in:
Why?
A
PCA infarct
Vertebral arteries enter via foramen magnum
22
Q
Name the 4 types of herniation
A
Transtentorial
● Uncal
● Subfalcine
● Tonsillar
23
Q
Branches of external carotid (in order)
A
Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students ● •S- superior thyroid artery ● •A- ascending pharyngeal artery ● •L- lingual artery ● •F- facial artery ● •O- occipital artery ● •P- posterior auricular artery ● •M- maxillary artery ● •S- superficial temporal artery
(Blood supply to the thyroid, larynx, salivary glands, tongue, nose, lips, chin, palate, neck, face, ears, and lower portion of
the skull.)
24
Q
anatomy of circle of willis
A
ACA A Comm Internal Carotid MCA P Comm PCA Superior Cerebellar Art Basilar Artery Ant Inf Artery Post Inf Artery Vertebral Artery Anterior Spinal Artery
25
PCA supplies:
Inferior/Medial Temporal Lobe and Occipital Cortex
26
ACA supplies:
Most of anterior medial surface frontal to parietal lobes including sensorimotor cortex
27
MCA supplies:
Superior Division: Above Sylvian Fissure including lateral frontal lobe
Inferior Division: Below Sylvian Fissure including lateral temporal lobe, variable
parietal lobe
28
Which arteries supply BG
Lenticulostriate arteries from A1 (occasionally) and M1; often source of BG hemorrhage from HTN
Penetrating Vessels at Base
Arise from initial MCA
Supply basal Ganglia & Internal capsule
29
Describe venous drainage from the brain
Superficial Veins: Superior Sagittal Sinus and
Cavernous Sinus
Deep Veins: Vein of Galen
Internal Jugular Vein
30
SAH blood contained where?
Located between Arachnoid
| and Pia
31
Most common site of aneurysmal SAH
| Other causes of SAH? (5)
ACA, anterior circ
Saccular=Berry Aneurysm
● Other:Arteriosclerotic, Mycotic,
Dissecting, Traumatic, Neoplastic
32
Describe the ventricle system
```
2 lateral ventricles
Foramen Monro
3rd Ventricle (Thalamus, Hypothalamus)
Cerebral Aqueduct (Midbrain)
4th Ventricle (Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum)
Foramen Magendie, Foramina Luschka
Cisterna magna
Prepontine Cistern
```
33
CSF
1. produced by _______
2. Passes from ventricular system through ____.
3. Reabsorbed by _____
4. Drained by _____
produced by Choroid Plexus
Passes from ventricular system through Foramina
Reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations
Drained by Dural Venous Sinuses
34
CSF volume: ____ (adult)
| Produced at what rate? ____ per hour, _____ per day
Volume: 150ml (adult)
| Produced at 20ml/hour (500ml/day)
35
Three times of hydrocephalus
Communicating
Non-communicating
E Vacuo
36
Most common cause of communicating hydrocephalus
decreased CSF absorption
37
Describe brain hierarchy
```
Brain Stem (Mid Brain, Pons,
Medulla Oblongata)
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Limbic System
Cerebral Cortex
```
38
Midbrain comprised of which CNs?
CN II/III/IV
39
Pons comprised of which CNs?
V/VI/VII/VIII (Pon pons - 5,6,7,8)
40
Medula comprised of which CNs
CN IX/X/XI/XII
41
Midbrain holds which 2 important nuclei and which 2 important tracts?
Oculomotor III nucleus and n
red nucleus
substantia nigra
Cerebral peduncle (Corticospinal tract, corticobulbar)
42
Pons holds which important structures?
4 Nuclei
5 tracts
2 structures
Nuclei: Mesencephalic (CN 5), Main sensory (CN 5) Motor nucleus (CN5), Pontine nuclei
Tracts: MLF, Spinothalamic, trigeminal lemniscus, medial lemniscus, corticospinal (also CN 5)
Structures: Superior cerebellar peduncle, Middle cerebellar peduncle
43
Medulla houses which important structures?
6 nuclei
5 tracts
4 structures
Nuclei: Hypoglossal Nucleus, Dorsal Motor Nucleus (CN10), Vestibular Nuclei, Nucleus solitarius, Spinal nucleus, Nucleus ambiguous
tracts: spinal tract (CN5), spinocerebellar tract, spinothalamic tract, corticospinal tract Medial lemniscus
Strctures: CN10, inferior cerebellar peduncle, inferior olive, CN 12
44
autonomic structures of the medulla oblongata
| 4
1. reticular formation
2. cardiovascular centers
3. Respiratory center
4. solitary nucleus - taste information from anterior 2/3 (facial) and posterior 1/3 (glossopharen), and vagus n (epiglotis); chemoreceptors from carotid and aortic bodies via vagus n.
-- input from 7, 9, 10
45
3 relay centers of the medulla oblongata
1. olivary nucleus
2. Nucleus cuneatus
3. Nucleus gracilis
46
reticular formation
Caudal Pons/medulla
functions (7)
1. respiratory center - solitary nuc
2. pacemaker for respirations - boetzinger complex
3. project to LMN C3-5 and upper thoracic
4. Control of HR and BP
5. Motor systems from 4 tracts (reticulospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal
6. abnormal flexor/extensor posturing, CN reflexes
7. coughing, hiccuping, sneezing, yawning, shivering, gagging, vomiting, swallowing laughing crying.
47
Ascending reticular system:
Activating system
4 functions
```
Ascending Reticular
Activating System
● Rostral: mesencephalon &
upper pons
● With projections to
Thalamus/Hypothalamus,
Basal Forbrain (Relays to
Cortex)
● Alertness/ Attention/
Consciousness
```
● Glutamate?
48
Diencephalon comprised of 3 things
Thalamus
● Hypothalamus
● Pituitary Gland
49
Thalamus: 4 factors
Major Sensory Relay Station
Motor Input Relay Station (Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia)
Limbic Input Relay Station
Involved in Behavioral Arousal and sleep-wake cycle
Medial Nuclear Group
Lateral Nuclear Group
Anterior Nuclear Group
Internal Medullary Lamina
50
Relay nuclei of the thalamus do what? (4)
Relay Nuclei
Receive Input from numerous Pathways
●(Inner ear, Retina, Visual Cortex, Sensory
Pathways, Motor from Cerebellum & Basa Ganglia,
Premotor Cortex, Prefrontal Cortex)
●Project to the Cortex
●Screening/ Sorting/Preprocessing
●Behavioral Arousal, Sleep-wake cycle
51
Underneath thalamus is the 3rd ventricle
1. link between:
2. ______ involved in homeostasis (5 things)
3. _____ control
4. _____ system (emotional influence on autonomic and homeostatic pathways)
Underneath Thalamus/ Floor of Third
Ventricle
● Link between the Neural and Endocrine Systems
● Hypothalamus involved in Homeostasis (Hunger, Thirst,
Sexual Desire,Sleep-wake cycle, Thermoregulation)
● Autonomic control (Preganglionic in brain stem, spinal
cord)
● Limbic System (Emotional influence on autonomic and
homeostatic pathways)
52
Describe anatomy of pituitary and hormones secreted
- Anterior Pituitary
● regulates endocrine system
● -ACTH, GH, Prolactin, TSH, LH, FSH
● - Posterior Pituitary
● Oxytocin
● Vasopressin
53
What 7 things make up BG?
```
Insula
● Claustrum
● Nucleus Caudatus
● Globus Pallidus
● Putamen
● Subthalamic Nucleus
● Substantia Nigra
```
54
Basal ganglia function:
| Inputs
```
Inputs
From Entire Cerebral Cortex
Most excitatory
Neurotransmitter: Glutamate
Most Important: Striatum
```
```
From Substantia Nigra/ Pars
compacta
Excitatory & Inhibitory
Neurotransmitter: Dopamine
Most Important to Striatum
```
55
Basal Ganglia output
```
Output
● From Globus Pallidus & Substantia
Nigra
● Inhibitory: GABA
● Mainly to Thalamus – Thalamus
projects to Cortex
● Reticular formation
● Tectospinal tracts
● Corticospinal tract
```
56
```
General motor control occurs in _____.
Input:
Relay in:
Output:
Critical for:
```
General Motor Control- Putamen
1. Input: Somatosensory Cortex, primary Motor Cortex, Premotor Cortex
2. Relay in Thalamus
3. Output: Supplementary Motor Area, Premotor Cortex, Primary Motor Cortex
4. Critical for Motor Planning &Motor Execution as well as sensory-motor integration
57
```
BG cognitive processes for frontal lobe occur in:
Input:
Relay:
Output:
Involived in (3)
Formation of:
```
Cognitive process Frontal Lobe- Head of Caudate
1. Input: Posterior Parietal Cortex; Premotor cortex
2. Relay: Thalamus
3. Output: Prefrontal Cortex
4. Involved in Learning, Adaptation & Adjustment,
5. Formation of new Behavioral Responses
58
Eye movement regarding BG occurs in ______
1. Input:
2. Relay in:
3. Output:
Eye Movement - Caudate
● Input: Posterior Parietal Cortex,Prefrontal Cortex
● Relay in Thalamus
● Output:Frontal Eye Fields, supplementary eye fields
59
Emotion relayed in:
Input
Relay
Output
Emotion-Putamen, Caudate
● Input: Temporal Cortex, Hippocampus, Amygdala
● Relay in Thalamus
● Output: Anterior Cingulate, Orbital frontal Cortex
60
Name the movement dysorders associated with BG: (5)
```
● Movement Disorders/ Dyskinesias
● Dystonia
● Athetosis
● Chorea
● Parkinson's
```
61
```
Be able to label:
Premotor cortex
Primary motor cortex (pre-central)
Primary somatosensory cortex (post-central)
Brocas area
Wernickes area
Primary auditory cortex
Primary visual cortex
```
picture in lecture
premotor, primary motor (gyrus), primary somatosensory
Broca under premotor, wernicke, Primary auditory anterior to wernicke
visual - occipital
62
Dominant hemi often which hemi?
| Responsible for: (4)
```
● Left (95% RHD, 60-70% LHD)
● Language Processing
● Praxis
● Step-by-Step Formulation &
Execution of Motor Tasks
● Sequential/ Analytical calculating
Skills
```
63
Non-dominant hemi associated with (6)
```
Nonverbal Functions
● Complex visual-spatial skills
● Constructional Abilities
● Prosody- expressive & receptive
● Attention
● Personality change
```
64
Frontal lobe executive function:
Restraint
● Judgement, Concentration, Inhibiting inappropriate response, delaying gratification
● Initiative
● Spontaneity, Curiosity, Motivation, Creativity, Mental
Flexibility
● Order
● Abstract Reasoning, Working Memory, Perspective,
Insight, Organization
65
Dorsolateral lesion:
Abulia (passive, delayed responses, little
| spontaneous activity)
66
Orbitofrontal lesion
Disinhibition,Witzelsucht, Impulsivity
67
Parietal lobe higher function (2)
Integration of Sensory Information
| Visospatial Processing
68
Occipital lobe higher function (1)
Visual Processing
69
Temporal lobe higher function (5)
Primary auditory Cortex
● Auditory Processing including comprehension, naming, verbal memory
● Visual object perception and recognition, visual processing (faces, scenes)
● Declarative Memory (Facts/ Knowledge)
● Long-term memory
70
Anterior temporal lobe function (3)
1. Impairment of learning and retention of verbal material
2. Right anterior temporal lobe damage: impairs recognition and recall of visual and auditory patterns
3. Disinhibited social behavior
71
Where is deep brain stimulator placed for parkinsons?
globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei
