Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology - Done Flashcards
Astrocytes:
maintenance of homeostasis, formation of scar tissue (gliosis), each synapse is surrounded by an astrocyte
- neurotansmitters cannot escape from a synaptic cleft.
Oligodendtrocytes / Schwann cells:
forms a myelin sheaths in the CNS / in the peripheral nervous system.
Microglial cells:
phagocytes which are activated by the inflammatory and degenerative processes affecting nervous system.
Ependymal cells:
form an ependyma = a lining of the ventricles and central canal.
Which type of fiber does not have a myelin sheath?
C type
Which type of fiber is the thickest?
alpha
What is in the forebrain?
Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Subthalamus
- Epithalamus
Telencephalon
* Cerebrum
What is in the midbrain?
- Tectum
- Cerebral peduncule
What is in the hindbrain?
- Medulla
- Pons
- Cerebellum
Upper neuron =
motor neuron deriving from the cerebral cortex and going down to the spinal cord / to the motor nuclei of cranial nerves
Lower neuron =
motor neuron located in the anterior nerve root/ in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves
Somatosensory receptors:
- interoception
- exteroception
- proprioception
Exteroception:
- chemoreceptors
- teloreceptors
- cutaneous receptors
Proprioception:
- vibration
- sense of position of muscle to joints
Exteroception - chemoreceptors:
- taste
- smell
Exteroception - teloreceptors:
- vision
- hearing
Exteroception - cutaneous receptors:
- nociceptors (pain)
- mechanoreceptors (touch, pressure)
- thermoreceptors (temperature)
Cranial nerve III innervates what muscle(s) of the eyes?
- superior oblique m.
- inferior oblique m.
- medial rectus m.
- superior rectus m.
- levator palpebrae m.
LESION: Affected eye is down and out, ptosis, mydriasis.
Cranial nerve IV innervates what muscle(s) of the eyes?
- Trochlear m.
LESION: Affected eye is up and to the nose
Cranial nerve VI innervates what muscle(s) of the eyes?
- Lateral rectus m.
LESION: Affected eye is horizontally and to the nose
Constriction of the pupil:
- parasympathetic component
- Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Dilation of the pupil:
- sympathetic component
- thoracic sympathetic trunk
Amygdala:
- Emotions - aggression, fear, pleasure, a reward
- Regulation of motivation
- Sexual arousal
- Primitive emotional memory
Cooperates with endocrine and autonomic systems!
Hippocampus:
- Short-term and long-term memory
- Learning
- Also takes part in affective response
