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Musculoskeletal dysfunction > Neuroanatomy and neurological exams > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy and neurological exams Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of neurological disorders?

A

Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord (White and grey matter)

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3
Q

What is found within the forebrain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal nucleuu

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4
Q

The brain stem comprises of:

A

Midbrain, Hindbrain, Cranial nerves III-XII

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5
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Ascending reticular activating system (consciousness), relays vision and hearing, relays motor function

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6
Q

What is the function of the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum (coorderination), pons (relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum), medulla oblongata (respiration and cardiac function)

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7
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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8
Q

What are afferent neurons stimulated by?

A

Mechanoreceptors (pressure)
Nociceptors (Chemical, heat, cold, mechanical deformation)
Proprioceptors (golgi tendon apparatus, muscle spindles, joints, tendons)

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9
Q

What is the neuroanatomy of motor neurons?

A

Effector neurons; muscle, glands

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10
Q

What is the neuroanatomy of lower motor neurons?

A

Somatic a-neuron-cell body in ventral portion of spinal tract

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11
Q

What is the neuroanatomy of upper motor neurons?

A

Located in brain (cortex, medulla, midbrain) - voluntary motor control

Initiate movement, maintain tone in extensor muscles

Calming effect on reflex arcs

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12
Q

What are signs of lesions on lower motor neurons?

A

Loss of spinal reflex, loss of voluntary control, atonia, flaccid paralysis, rapid muscle atrophy

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13
Q

What are signs of lesions on the upper motor neurons?

A

Loss of ‘calming effect’, loss of voluntary control, reflex intact and may be hyperactive, hypertonia, spastic paralysis

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14
Q

What are the goals of a neurological exam?

A

To locate affected anatomical area of damage/effect

To make a differential diagnosis list

Veterinary diagnosis to decide on treatment and prognosis

Physio diagnosis to evaluate progress

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15
Q

What are the 8 steps to a neurological exam?

A

History

Behaviour and mental state

Posture and position of body at rest

Gait evaluation

Cranial nerve assessment

Postural testing

Spinal reflexes, muscle evaluation

Sensory evaluation

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16
Q

Name things you may check when looking at the posture

A

Head tilt

Head turn

Spinal curvature (scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis, torticollis)

Wide based stance

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17
Q

Define paresis

A

Some voluntary movement

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18
Q

Define paralysis (plegia)

A

Inability to move/weakness

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19
Q

What does the prefix ‘tetra’ mean?

A

Affects all four limbs (lesion cranial to T3)

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20
Q

What does the prefix ‘para’ mean?

A

Affects hind limbs (Caudal to T2)

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21
Q

What does the prefix ‘Mono’ mean?

A

One limb only, likely to be peripheral nerve damage

22
Q

What does the prefix ‘hemi’ mean?

A

Affects both limbs on same side

23
Q

Ataxia is loss of coordination of movement. What are the three types?

A

Proprioceptive (abnormal limb placement, limb paresis, weakness)

Vestibular (head tilt, rolling/falling to one side)

Cerebellar (Wide base stance, intention tremors)

24
Q

Describe three ataxia gait effects

A

Hypermetria - longer protraction phase

Hypometria - shorter protraction phase

Dysmetria - uncoordinated irregular gait

25
Q

What are signs of UMN paresis?

A

Delay in onset of protraction/initiating movement, longer and stiffer stride, ataxia often also present

26
Q

What are signs of LMN paresis?

A

Difficulty weight bearing, shorter strides, chopping gait, bunny hoping, limb collapse, muscle tremors, ataxia absent

27
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
28
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) does the menace test check?

A

Optic

Facial

29
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) does the pupillary light reflex check?

A

Optic

Occulomotor

30
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) does the palpebral reflex check?

A

Trigeminal

31
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) does the vestibulo-occular reflex check?

A

Vestibulo-cochlear

Trochlear

Abudcens

32
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) does the Corneal sensation check?

A

Abducens

Trigeminal

33
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) does the Nasal mucosa stimulation check?

A

Trigeminal

34
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) does the lip pinch check?

A

Trigeminal

35
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) does the gag reflex check?

A

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Accessory

36
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) does the Slap test check?

A

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Accessory

37
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) does the tongue pull check?

A

Hypoglossal

38
Q

What is segmental testing for?

A

Aims to narrow down lesion locality in spinal cord

Either Cranial to T3 (C1-T2)

Caudual to T2 (T3 - S3)
PNS - nerve, nm junction, muscle

39
Q

How do you check the thoracic limb?

A

Withdrawal reflex

Extensor carpi radialis reflex

Biceps branchii and triceps reflex

40
Q

How do you check the pelvic limb?

A

Withdrawal reflex

Patellar reflex

Cranial tibial and gastrocnemius reflex

41
Q

How do you check the tail and perineal region?

A

Perineal reflex

42
Q

Define anaesthesia

A

Complete loss of sensation

43
Q

Define hypoaesthesia

A

Reduced sensation

44
Q

Define hyperasthesia

A

Increased sensation

45
Q

Describe analgesia

A

Loss of pain sensation

46
Q

Define hypoalgesia

A

Reduced pain sensation

47
Q

Define hyperalgesia

A

Increased pain sensation

48
Q

Define neuropraia

A

Temporary loss of function

49
Q

Define axonotmesis

A

Damage to aon but not permanent

50
Q

Define neurotmesis

A

Severance of axon

Musculoskeletal dysfunction (12 decks)

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