Neuroanatomy and communication Flashcards
layers of meninges from superficial to deep
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Types of physical protection for the brain
Skull, Meninges, CSF
Whats the function of temporal lobe?
Auditory processing, processing of more complex visual information.
Important for memory and emotional processing.
Understanding of speech.
Facial processing.
Whats the function of the parietal lobe?
Receive sensory information(temp touch and pain)
Attention.
Binding.
Interpretation of visual info - spacial neglect
What does the insula do?
Socializing, gut feeling
prefrontal cortex
the frontmost portion of the frontal lobes, especially prominent in humans; important for attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate social behavior, and personality
Brocca’s area function
speech production
Mesencephalon
the midbrain; a region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and the tegmentum
occipital lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
frontal cortex
Brain region in which most conscious thinking takes place.
limbic system
neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.
Includes the amygdala and hippocampus
Different kinds of neurons
1) Sensory neurons
2) Motor neurons
3) Interneurons
myelin sheath
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
resting potential
The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane
membrane channels
involved with the movement of substances through the cell membrane
all-or-none response
a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.
spacial summation
adds up the simultaneous influences of synapses at different sites on the postsynaptic cell
saltatory conduction
Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane.
Hur skapar sensory input action potential
Energi överförd av den fysiska kontakten omvandlas via transduction till jonisering som leder till handlingspotential och därmed utskick av nervpulser.
Synapse Structure
Pre synaptic neurone containing mitochondria and vesicles containing neurotransmitter in synaptic knob, gap between this a post-synaptic neurone is synaptic cleft, post synaptic neurone has neurotransmitter receptors in its membrane
steps for neurotransmitter release
- Syntesizing.
Happens inside the axon
- Storage in vesicles.
- Release.
- Receptor action
- inactivation
excitory neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters that promote action potential, causing depolarization. Some neurotransmitters are excitatory, some are inhibitory, but most can be either.
Why chemical transmission?
It might be because it provides a higher level of flexibility and adaption
4 classes of neurotransmitters
Small-molecule transmitters
Peptide transmitters
Lipid transmitters
Gaseous transmitters
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
Hyper/depolarization
Depolarization leads to a slight increase in the potential for action, by increasing the potenital
Hyperpolarazion leads to a slight increase in the potential for action, by decreasing the potential
Conservation of resting potential
This is due to the anions that aren’t able to come out, the sodium pumps and channels and the fact that potassium isnt that attracted to get inside the cell.
nerve impulse
A signal transmitted along a nerve fiber.
back propagation
Reverse movement of an action potential into the dendritic field of a neuron; postulated to play a role in plastic changes that underlie learning.
refractory period
the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
relative refractory period
A period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
allocortex
cortical tissue with three layers or unlayered organization, in contrast with six-layered neocortex
Has to do with receival of censory inputs
when does neurotrasmittor release happen?
In respons to an action potential
Small molecule transmittors
AcetylCholine, amines, serotonine
Lipids
Cannaboids
Kinds of synapses
Dendodendritic - messeage fro dendrite to dendrite
Axodendritic - from axon to dendrite
Axoextracellular from axon to nothing
Axosomatic - Axon terminal ends on cellbody
Axosynaptic - Axonterminal ends on another terminal
Axoaxonic - Axonterminal end on another axon
Axosecretory - axon ends on bloodsvessle and secrets transmittors directly into the blood
vesicle
Tiny sacs that transports substances in and outside the cell
Sensory input to the spinal cord travels via the:
dorsal spinal cord
Motor output from the spinal cord travels via the:
ventral spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows between the:
superficial layer and deep layer.
In the human brain the basal ganglia and the limbic system are considered part of the:
telencephalon
The allocortex contains which of the following structures?
- the hippocampus and the amygdala
- the diencephalon and the cerebellum
- the hippocampus and the hypothalamus
- the hypothalamus and the thalamus
- the hippocampus and the amygdala
Following a brain injury Steven has trouble organizing himself and has difficulty formulating plans to accomplish goals. Which of the lobes are he most likely to have injured?
frontal lobe.
At rest, the concentrations of _____ are higher inside of a neuron, whereas the concentrations of _____ are higher outside of a neuron.
potassium (K+); sodium (Na+)
Depolarization is primarily linked with _____, whereas hyperpolarization is mainly linked with _____.
sodium; chloride
The action potential normally consists of the summed current changes caused by the _____ and the _____.
inflow of sodium; outflow of potassium
pruning?
The synapses not used dying of.
Progenitor cell
A precursor cell that splits into neural and glial cells
Neurotropic factor
Chemical compound helping with group and differentiation of neural cells.
Whats the role of the substantia nigra?
Dopamin production
Piagets Stages?
- Sensimotor period 0 - 24 months
- Preoperational 2 - 6 years
3 Concrete operational 7 - 11 years - formal operational
Sensimotor period?
Between 0 to 2 years
Child learn to different themself to the rest of the world.
Learns Object permanence.
Preoperational Period?
2 to 6 years
Ability to reprensent things with words and drawings.
Concrete operational Period
7 to 11 years
Formal operations like arithmatic is learned
Development of vocubulary is related to
Cortical thinning
Chemoaffinity hypothesis
hypothesis of that neurond are drawn toward signaling chemical determining the pathway
Critical period
Periods where the brain develops extra much and is in a hugher sense vaulnabry to abnomalitites
Important for substances to pass to enter brain?
Blood brain barrier
Aphetamine does…
Promotes dopamin release and decrease uptake
Cocaine does…
decrease dopamin uptake
mental chronometry
Mental chronometry is the use of response time to infer mental processes. The way for this is the manipulation of the tasks and/or of variables determining the behavior of participants in the tasks
Advantages and disadvantages to fMRI compared to EEG
fMRI has a higher spatial resoloution but a lower temporal resolotion
Where does transduction from sound occur in the ear
The inner hair cells
Basilar membrane
Its movement causes the inner hair cells to depolarize, it is like a plate with different areas for different frequencies
Acuate Faschiculus
Connects broccas and wernikes area
Where does localization of sound take place?
Ventral cochlea nucelues
Difference between auditory processing in the hemispheres?
The left sida has a larger wernikes area while the right has a larger primary auditory cortex
Sequence for initiation of movement
- Prefrontal cortex - planning
- Premotor Cortex - puts the plan to completion
- Primary motor Cortex - center for skilled behavior
- Cortico spinal tracts
- Motor Neurons
Cerebellum is important for ___ movement
Skilled
Regulatory behavior
Behavior related to survival suc as acquiring food.
Shape recogntion is related to…
The ventral visual pathway. In articular is it related to the center and off center cells.
Opponent processes
Helps with processing different wavelengths of light and there by contrasting different colors
