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3rd year medicine > neuroanatomy > Flashcards

neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

spinal nerves?

A

C1 will emerge from above C1 vertebrae

C8 will emerge BELOW C7 vertebrae

This continues all the way down :)

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2
Q
A

Anterior and ventral are same thing

Posterior and dorsal are same thing

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3
Q

what other modality will be present?

A

Remember this is thoracolumbar outflow - so you will also have sympathetic outflow

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4
Q

spinal nerve modalities?

A

Spinal nerve = somatic sensory, motor + sympathetic

  • Visceral afferents travel alongside sympathetic nerves but ARE NOT part of the spinal nerve
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5
Q

diaphragm motor supply?

A

phrenic nerve C3, 4, 5

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6
Q

dermatome landmarks?

upper limb?

A

nipple = T4

umbilicus = T10

upper limb = C5-T1

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7
Q
A

B - T6

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8
Q

nerve plexuses?

e.g.?

A

Intertwined anterior rami from a number of adjacent nerves - NOT posterior rami

e.g.

  • cervical plexus (C1-C4)
    • posterior scalp, neck + diaphragm
  • brachial plexus (C5-T1)
    • upper limb
  • lumbar plexus (L1-L4)
    • lower limb
  • lumbosacral plexus (L5-S4)
    • lower limb, gluteal region, perineum
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9
Q
A

…

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10
Q

horner syndrome s/s?

Ax?

A

Symptoms: miosis, ptosis, reduced sweating (anhydrosis), increased warmth and redness

Ax = compression of cervical sympathetic trunk:

  • Root of neck trauma
  • Carotid dissection
  • Internal jugular vein engorgement
  • Deep cervical node metastases
  • Pancoast tumour (lung apex)
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11
Q

how many vertebrae?

spinal nerves?

enlargements?

A

vertebrae = 33

spinal nerves = 31

2 enalrgements = cervical + lumbar

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12
Q

conus medullaris?

what comes after?

A

termination of spinal cord - L2

continues as connective tissue called filum terminale

*anchors spinal cord to coccyx

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13
Q

spinal meninges continuous with?

what are they?

A

Spinal meninges are continuous with cranial meninges via foramen magnum

  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
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14
Q

spinal cord suspended in canal via?

made of?

subarachnoid space filled with?

A

denticulate ligment - found laterally

made from pia + arachnoid mater

subarachnoid space filled with CSF

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15
Q
A

…

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16
Q

central canal of spinal cord?

difference between posterior horn + anterior horn anatomically?

A

Central canal of spinal cord opens into 4th ventricle superiorly

  • Posterior horn extends all the way up to the surface of the spinal cord
  • The ventral horn does not
    • Just helps with orientation :)
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17
Q

spinal segments T1 to L2 spinal cord?

A
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18
Q

arterial supply spinal cord?

A

3 major longitudinal arteries

  • 1 anterior
  • 2 posterior
  • Originate from vertebral arteries and run the entire length of spinal cord

Segmental arteries

  • Derived from vertebral, intercostal and lumbar arteries

Radicular arteries

  • Travel along dorsal and ventral roots
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19
Q

greater anterior segmental medullary artery?

A

Adamkowitz - larger

derived from 9th-12th intercostal artery

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20
Q

venous drainage of spine?

A
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21
Q
A
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22
Q

where is somatosensory cortex located

A

post-central gyrus

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23
Q

what happens as you descend cord?

A
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24
Q
A

ascending = sensory

descending = motor

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25
Q

dorsal column/medial lemniscus tract function?

where do fibres cross?

A

Fine touch and conscious proprioception

Fibres cross in medulla

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26
Q

DCML pathway found?

explain pathway

A

found dorsally (posteriorly) in cord

pathway:

first neurons synapse in medulla

  • Nucleus gracillis - receives info from lower body
  • Nucleus cuneatus - upper portion of body

2nd neurons CROSS MIDLINE in MEDULLA (right side of brain controls left side and vice versa)

  • Passes through medial lemniscus (pons) to thalamus where it synapses

3rd neuron then travels to cortex (primary somatosensory cortex) i.e. postcentral gyrus

So 3 neurons between e.g your fingertip and primary somatosensory cortex

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27
Q
A

…

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28
Q

spinothalamic tract found?

Function?

A

spinothalamic tract found anteriorly (ventrally) in cord

Carries pain + temperature - skips medullary synapse

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29
Q

explain spinothalamic tract pathway

A

fibres do not synapse in medulla

first synapse is in posterior horn

  • cross midline
  • 2nd neurons climb spinal cord in anterolateral column

pass through spinal lemniscus in midbrain

synapse in thalamus

3rd neuron then travels to somatosensory cortex

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30
Q
A

…

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31
Q

where is motor cortex found?

A

pre-central gyrus

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32
Q

descending tracts?

A

corticospinal

vestibulospinal

rubrospinal

reticulospinal

tectospinal

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33
Q

corticospinal tract found?

function?

other name?

A

laterally in spinal cord

fine precise movement e.g. digits

called pyramidal tract as it forms medullary pyramids

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34
Q

explain corticospinal tract pathway

A

Travel from pre-central gyrus

cross at medulla - forms pyramids on anterior surface of medulla, so called pyramidial tract

  • Crossed fibres (85%) form the lateral corticospinal tract
  • Uncrossed fibres (15%) form the ventral corticospinal tract

crossed fibres = decussation of the pyramids

Ventral fibres cross at vertebral level they are going to exit at

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35
Q

CVA fof internal capsule?

A
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36
Q

extrapyramidal tracts?

A

tectospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal

37
Q

tecctospinal tract function?

explain pathway

A

Input mostly to cervical segments - controls head and neck movement due to visual stimuli i.e. head turns after loud noise

  • Begins in midbrain (posterior - tectum)
  • Projects across midline in midbrain
  • travels down into spinal cord
  • Innervates cervical portions of spinal cord
38
Q

reticulospinal tract?

fibres originate?

A

Forms central core of brainstem - receives input from virtually all parts of CNS

  • Has many functions including influencing voluntary movement

Fibres originate from reticular formation in pons and medulla

39
Q

vestibulospinal tract?

pathway?

A

ipsilateral tract - controls own side of body

  • begins at pons in vestibular nuclei
  • input into “antigravity” extensor muscles - back, neck, legs
  • i.e. stops you falling when shoved

so when you are shoved, input does not need to go to cortex

40
Q
A

descending tracts

41
Q

Brown sequard syndrome?

A
42
Q

cerebellar lobes?

A

anterior

posterior

flocculonodular lobe

43
Q
A

cerebellum sits in posterior cranial fossa

44
Q

how is cerebellum attached to brainstem?

A

via 3 stalks called peduncles

45
Q
A

…

46
Q

does cerebellum have sucli and gyri?

grey and white matter?

A

called folia and sulci :)

like cerebrum, has outer grey matter and inner core of white matter

47
Q

layers of cerebellum?

A

molecular layer (outer)

purkinje cell layer (middle) - these are output cells

granule cell layer (inner)

48
Q

afferent info to cerebellum?

efferent projections?

A

Afferent projections to cerebellum (inputs)

  • Spinal cord (somatic proprioceptors and pressure receptors)
  • Cerebral cortex (via pons)
  • Vestibular apparatus via vestibular nuclei
    • (Enter via cerebellar peduncles)

Efferent projections (outputs)

  • Purkinje cells
  • (project across midline and synapse in thalamus –> motor cortex)
49
Q

functonal divisions cerebellum

A

Floccular nodular node = vestibular cerebellum

  • translates info from vestibular nuclei
  • E.g. shove (anti-gravity)

Vermis = spinocerebellum

  • controls automatic functions e.g. posture

Pontocerebellum = receives info from pons (whcih recieves info from cortex)

  • voluntary movement e.g. playing piano
  • Because cortex informs :)
50
Q
A

..

51
Q

bilateral cerebellar function?

A
52
Q

functions of basal ganglia?

A

Facilitate purposeful movement

inhibit unwanted movement

Posture and muscle tone

53
Q

basal ganglia names?

A
54
Q

putamen continuous with?

A

caudate nucelus

putamen = potato

caudate = tadpole

55
Q

location of basal ganglia axial

A
56
Q

location of basal ganglia coronal

A
57
Q
A

…

58
Q

basal ganglia pathway damaged in Huntington’s?

Parkinson’s?

A

Chorea = indirect pathway damaged

Parkinson’s = direct pathway damaged

Indirect = inhibition

59
Q

unilateral basal ganglia lesion?

what do these lesions cause?

A

affect contralateral side of body

cause:

  • Changes in muscle tone
  • Dyskinesias
    • Tremor
    • Chorea
    • Myoclonus
60
Q
A

remember lump of pons is anterior

61
Q
A

cant see trochlear because it exits posteriorly

62
Q

nerves found at pontomedullary junction?

A

6, 7, 8

63
Q

do all cranial nerves exit anteriorly?

A

yes except trochlear whcih exits posteriorly

(vestibulocohlear also exits laterally)

64
Q

function cranial nerves?

A

provide sensation and motor to the head

Except CN X which is “the wanderer”

65
Q

what is the only nerve that does not synapse in thalamus prior to reaching cortex?

modality?

A

olfactory nerve - CN 1

modality = purely sensory

66
Q

where is primary olfactory area?

A

posterior frontal lobe, extends into temporal lobe

67
Q
A

….

68
Q

pons anterior aspect?

posterior aspect?

A

anterior = bulge

posterior = 4th ventricle

69
Q

where does CN 3 exit?

4?

5?

A

3 = midbrain

4 = midbrain

5 = pons

70
Q

where is occulomotor nucleus found?

occulomotor nerve function?

Occulomotor nerve pathway

A

occulomotor + EWN found in superior colliculus

function = moves eye via somatic motor + controls pupil via parasympathetics (EWN)

71
Q

where is trochlear nucleus found?

function?

A

infiror colliculus

function = superior oblique (down+out)

72
Q

abducens nucleus found?

A

in the pons

73
Q

hypoglossal nucelus found?

A

found in upper medulla

74
Q
A

…

75
Q

spinal accessory nerve function?

pathway?

A

function = innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

  • Emerges from spinal cord C1-C5
  • turns back and enters foramen magnum
  • then exits through jugular foramen
76
Q

mixed cranial nerves?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

77
Q

trigeminal nerve function?

A

Somatosensation of face

Proprioception associated with chewing (TMJ, muscles of mastication, teeth)

Motor control: muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini

78
Q

trigeminal nerve nuceli

what happens once reached nucleus?

A

midbrain = mecencephalic nucleus

  • proprioception (shewing)

pons = pontine trigeminal nucleus (principal nucleus)

  • sensory face

spinal cord = spinal nucleus

  • pain and temp face

nuclei will project to the thalamus then primary somatosensory cortex

79
Q

lesion of spinal nucleus?

A

depending on where lesion is - can get oral sparing (i.e. retain pain and temporature around oral cavity)

80
Q

cranial nerve VII function?

A

Motor to muscles of facial expression, stapedius

Parasymp - pterygopalatine, submandibular ganglia

Taste - anterior ⅔ of tongue

81
Q

CN IX function?

A

sensation, pain, temperature sense from posterior tongue, pharyngotympanic tube + upper pharynx

Taste (post ⅓)

Parasymp to otic ganglion (parotid gland)

Motor (one muscle - stylopharyngeus)

82
Q

vagus nerve function?

A

sensation, pain, temperature to pharynx, larynx, trachea, oesophagus, and thoracic + abdominal viscera

Taste (epiglottis)

Parasymp to thoracic and abdominal viscera

Motor to pharynx and larynx

83
Q

facial nerve nuclei?

A
  • Motor - facial motor nucleus
  • Salivatory nucleus - salivation (submandibular ganglion) + lacrimation (pretygopalatine ganglion)
  • Solitary nucleus - taste
  • Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve - ear canal (very small area of sensation)
84
Q

geniculate ganglion?

A

provide taste to anterior ⅔ of tongue (CN VII)

85
Q

glossopharyngeal nuclei?

A
  • Solitary nucleus - taste
  • Spinal nucleus - just like facial (small area around ear)
  • Salivatory nucleus - parasympathetic to parotid gland
  • Nucleus ambiguus - voluntary controls 1 single muscle (stylopharyngeus)
    • Supplies 9th and 10th CN
86
Q

vagus nerve nuclei?

A
  • Dorsal nucleus - parasympathetic outflow
    • Lungs, heart, gut etc
  • Solitary nucleus - taste (epiglottis)
  • Spinal trigeminal nucleus - thing about ear again
  • Nucleus ambiguus - muscle control of larynx and pharynx
87
Q

summary of CN nuclei

A
88
Q

solitary nucleus structure + function

A
89
Q

motor input to cranial nerves?

A

corticobulbar tract (related to corticospinal tract)

3rd year medicine (13 decks)

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