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PSYC 301 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main divisions of the nervous system?

A

central and peripheral
central is brain and spinal chord
peripheral is somatic (voluntary and conscious info from external environment) and autonomic (internal envionrment outside consiousness).
Both of which have afferent and efferent controls

efferent of the autonomic system has sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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2
Q

what is the sympathetic/parasympathetic

A

sympathetic: fight or flight. Mobilize energy to fight
para: chill and relax. Conserve/storing energy

sometimes you need both! they don’t work in opposition!

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3
Q

whats a cluster of cells in CNS and PSN

A

CNS: nuclei
PSN: ganglia

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4
Q

whats a bundle of axons in cns and Pns?

A

CNS: tract
PSN: nerve
FIbers (all) i.e. optic chiasm

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5
Q

what is rostral/caudal?

A

nose and tail

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6
Q

what is top and bottom of brain?

A

superior/dorsal

inferior/ventral

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7
Q

what direction is laterally mean?

A

based on the organism not your perspective!

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8
Q

draw the spinal chord!

A

see capture on desktop!

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9
Q

what does the spinal chord end in?

A

cauda equina

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10
Q

what happens to spinal chord as it goes cervical to coccygeal?

A

it narrows/tapers

** why ** ask becca

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11
Q

what is the inner H in the spinal chord?

A

grey matter

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12
Q

how is the spine organized?

A

dorsal/ventrally
dorsal: sensory
Ventral: motor

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13
Q

what happens if you damage the spinal chord?

A

the more damage higher in the spinal chord you are.

spinal damage depends where you are

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14
Q

what are the 3 early divisions of the brain?

A

fore/mid/hind brain

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15
Q

what animals have really small forebrains?

A

fish!

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16
Q

what are the 5 major divisions of the brain

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myencephalon
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17
Q

what is the myencephalon/medulla?

A

it has lots of tracts carrying info to/from the brain

  • motor efferents
  • sensory afferents
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18
Q

what brain area is most important for sustaining life?

A

medulla! (myencephalon)

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19
Q

what happens if you damage the medulla?

A

heart can’t beat, diaphragm can’t move, cannot swallow etc.

you die

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20
Q

what is the reticular formation?

A

reticular activating system
100 nuclei
runs from myenceph to the mesenceph

arousal/wakefullness, attention, sleep

reticular: net/mesh

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21
Q

what happens when you damage this region?

A

major distruptions to life and sleep CAN BE fatal

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22
Q

what is the metencephalon?

A

has lots of tracts and multiple regions (pons, cerebellum, also has reticular formation)

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23
Q

what is the pons?

A

a large white matter bulge on the ventral side carrying sensory motor tracts

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24
Q

what happens if you damage the pons?

A

similar to damage in the spinal chord, loss of sensation
can be damaged by a stroke
loss of balance, coordination, motor control

ask becca*

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25
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A 
the "little brain" 
10% of brain volume
over 50% of neurons
critical for motor coordination
- adjusting what you meant to do/what you actually did and correcting for it 7x a second
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26
Q

what happens if you damage the cerebelllum?

A

you have to manually correct yourself. severe damage to motor control and dysfunctione etc.

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27
Q

what is the mesencephalon?

A

the midbrain!

tectum and tegmentum

28
Q

what is the tectum?

what are its parts and functions?

A

two pairs of bumps (colliculi)

integrates sensory info to cause a movement OUT of your control largely

the “boston pizza part of your brain”
superior colliculi: vision with respect to eye movement
inferior colliculi: audition with respect to head/body orientation

29
Q

what is blind sight?

A

when the visual cortex is damaged but you can still percieve things and navigate a room. the reverse is also true (people with damaged midbrains but sighted have a hard time moving their eyes)

30
Q

what does damage to the tectum do?

A

possibly parinaud’s syndrome.

  • can’t move your eyes (especially up)
  • constant downward shift
  • from stroke or tumors growing in a nearby area
31
Q

what is the tegmentum?

A

more fibers!
evolutionary important behaviors
emotions/motivations/movements
contains the top of the reticular formation
periacqueductal grey (emotions/behaviors/startle response)
lots of nuclei with big roles
DOPAMINE RELEASING AREAS
- VTA
- substantia nigra
contains red nucleus (not as useful for our species, but good for others like dog barking/mice etc.)

32
Q

what does damage to the tegmentum do?

A

damage to movement, parkinson’s disease( dopamine)

side effects due to drugs on the red nucleous for schizophrenia

33
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

“the blob on the end of the brainstem”

34
Q

what is the story of the thalamus?

A

many nuclei: inputs from sensory systems ,cerebellum and basal ganglia
sends as much info to the cortex as it recieves

acts as a gate as you sleep to let signals pass/stop them from reaching the cortex

all senses stop here before going to the cortex EXCEPT smell
corticothalamic loop!

35
Q

what is the corticothalamic loop?

why is it important?

A

from the cortex to the thalamus and right back!

important for CONSCIOUS experience. without the loop you don’t have consciousness

36
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

area under the thalamus, lots of nuclei!
key intersection between endocrine system via pituitary gland
-sex/aggression/feeding/sleep/wake/soial bonding

37
Q

what does damage to the hypothalamus cause?

A

many things, but mainly to do with eating and sleeping

  • can cause rats to eat nonstop or stop eating altogether
  • can cause insomnia (ESPECIALLY WITH GENETIC COMPONENT)
  • narcolepsy!
38
Q

what is the telencephalon?

A

largest part
cortex and underlying structures (hippocampus/amygdala)
damage here is wide ranging

39
Q

what is the cerebral/neocortex/cortex?

A

largest most prominent feature

- highly convoluted to maximize space

40
Q

what happened to a study that tried to convolute mice brains?

A

the mice did better on a task but then all died

41
Q

what is lissencephalic?

A

smooth brained

42
Q

where does damage show up in brain regions?

A

can show up in either sulci OR gyri (sometimes sulci first)

43
Q

what separates the 2 hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

44
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

conects the hemispheres of the brain: white matter bundles

- there are others but are less imporant

45
Q

what is callostomy?

A

treatment for epilepsy where you sever the corpus callosum. this reduces severity of hard to treat/unlocalized seisures

46
Q

what do split brain patients demonstrate?

A

two separate minds!

47
Q

what is contralateral organization?

A

the left side controls the right half of the body and vise versa

48
Q

what hemisphere is dominant for language?

A

left!

49
Q

how do the lobes get their names?

A

skull names!

50
Q

what is deep in the lateral fissure?

A

the insula!

- taste, emotion

51
Q

what separates the frontal and pariental lobes?

A

central fissure with pre/post gyri on either side

52
Q

what separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the brain

A

the lateral fissure.

53
Q

what structures lie under the cortex

A 
the limbic "system"
- none of which are connected in a circut
- MOSTLY 
amydgala
hippocampus
mammilary body
-sometimes
hypothalamus, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum, olfactory bulb

strong connection to nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex

54
Q

what is the basal ganglia?

A

important for skill learning like riding a bike
-addiction, habitual learning, motivation

Striatum (caudate and putamen)
Globus pallidus (somtetimes subthalamic nucleus)

Nucleus accumbens is a subregion of the striatum/caudate called the VENTRAL STRIATUM

  • movement, skills, habits, decision making
55
Q

what stain is anatomy of cortical layers based on?

A 
nissel stain (just the cell bodies)
- some are really dense and others are sparse
56
Q

what can you tell from an “anatomy of cortical layers” image?

A

its a well organized/layered system
- i.e. layer 4, all sensory input goes in there fron thalamus (if layer 4 is thick, it must be a region recieving sensory input!)
3/5 are more for motor areas

57
Q

how do you map differences in the cortex

A

using brodmann areas !
i.e. area 4 is a motor cortex, so if you stimulate they will move a body part
some other areas you will report someone touching you

58
Q

what areas do you need to “grab a drink of water”

A 
prefrontal cortex
premotor areas
motor cortex
basal ganglia
pons
cerebellum
etc.!
59
Q

which arteries go to the brain?

A

coroted (2)
vertebral (2)
thats it!

60
Q

why is flow to the brain so important?

A

the supply is limited
no redundancy
no reserves

if flow stops (stroke) the cells are dead within minutes because they aren’t getting nutrients

61
Q

what is the BBB (blood brain barrier)

A

a 2 tiered system to keep out bad things from your brain!

  • keep blood inside vessles and extract whats needed (02 glucose)
  • capillary walls tightly packed, no pores
  • very protected (except for hypothalamus which is a bit porous)
  • active transport for large molecules
62
Q

what is toxic to nerve cells?

A

blood! among other things im sure

63
Q

what surrounds the BBB?

A

astrocytes! they extract what is needed

64
Q

what are the 3 meninges?

A

the layers of wrapping around your brain for protection

  • Dura mater (thick outer)
  • Arachnoid: spider like (super thin and hard to see)
  • Pia mater: like celophane wrap, clings to cortex and is super thin

in between layers arachnoid and pia is the CFS

65
Q

what are the ventricles of your brain?

A

lateral, 3rd and 4th
flow into each other then down through the spinal chord there is a canal that its released into

  • provide nutrition but mostly PROTECTION
  • getting rid of waste metabolites

provides a type of “airbag” system for the brain so it isn’t hurt by impact and isn’t crushed by its own weight like a beached whale

66
Q

what does damage to the ventricles do?

A

a condition whre fluid gets trapped is called HYDROCEPHALIS which means water in the brain

  • used to be fatal, still really painful
  • all the fluid places pressure on neurons and causes them to die
  • nowadays we put a tube into the stomach and drain it that way

PSYC 301 (11 decks)

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