Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC 301 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main divisions of the nervous system?

A

central and peripheral
central is brain and spinal chord
peripheral is somatic (voluntary and conscious info from external environment) and autonomic (internal envionrment outside consiousness).
Both of which have afferent and efferent controls

efferent of the autonomic system has sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the sympathetic/parasympathetic

A

sympathetic: fight or flight. Mobilize energy to fight
para: chill and relax. Conserve/storing energy

sometimes you need both! they don’t work in opposition!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

whats a cluster of cells in CNS and PSN

A

CNS: nuclei
PSN: ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

whats a bundle of axons in cns and Pns?

A

CNS: tract
PSN: nerve
FIbers (all) i.e. optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is rostral/caudal?

A

nose and tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is top and bottom of brain?

A

superior/dorsal

inferior/ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what direction is laterally mean?

A

based on the organism not your perspective!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

draw the spinal chord!

A

see capture on desktop!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the spinal chord end in?

A

cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens to spinal chord as it goes cervical to coccygeal?

A

it narrows/tapers

** why ** ask becca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the inner H in the spinal chord?

A

grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is the spine organized?

A

dorsal/ventrally
dorsal: sensory
Ventral: motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens if you damage the spinal chord?

A

the more damage higher in the spinal chord you are.

spinal damage depends where you are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 3 early divisions of the brain?

A

fore/mid/hind brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what animals have really small forebrains?

A

fish!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 5 major divisions of the brain

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the myencephalon/medulla?

A

it has lots of tracts carrying info to/from the brain

  • motor efferents
  • sensory afferents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what brain area is most important for sustaining life?

A

medulla! (myencephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens if you damage the medulla?

A

heart can’t beat, diaphragm can’t move, cannot swallow etc.

you die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the reticular formation?

A

reticular activating system
100 nuclei
runs from myenceph to the mesenceph

arousal/wakefullness, attention, sleep

reticular: net/mesh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens when you damage this region?

A

major distruptions to life and sleep CAN BE fatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the metencephalon?

A

has lots of tracts and multiple regions (pons, cerebellum, also has reticular formation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the pons?

A

a large white matter bulge on the ventral side carrying sensory motor tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens if you damage the pons?

A

similar to damage in the spinal chord, loss of sensation
can be damaged by a stroke
loss of balance, coordination, motor control

ask becca*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the cerebellum?
``` the "little brain" 10% of brain volume over 50% of neurons critical for motor coordination - adjusting what you meant to do/what you actually did and correcting for it 7x a second ```
26
what happens if you damage the cerebelllum?
you have to manually correct yourself. severe damage to motor control and dysfunctione etc.
27
what is the mesencephalon?
the midbrain! | tectum and tegmentum
28
what is the tectum? | what are its parts and functions?
two pairs of bumps (colliculi) integrates sensory info to cause a movement OUT of your control largely the "boston pizza part of your brain" superior colliculi: vision with respect to eye movement inferior colliculi: audition with respect to head/body orientation
29
what is blind sight?
when the visual cortex is damaged but you can still percieve things and navigate a room. the reverse is also true (people with damaged midbrains but sighted have a hard time moving their eyes)
30
what does damage to the tectum do?
possibly parinaud's syndrome. - can't move your eyes (especially up) - constant downward shift - from stroke or tumors growing in a nearby area
31
what is the tegmentum?
more fibers! evolutionary important behaviors emotions/motivations/movements contains the top of the reticular formation periacqueductal grey (emotions/behaviors/startle response) lots of nuclei with big roles DOPAMINE RELEASING AREAS - VTA - substantia nigra contains red nucleus (not as useful for our species, but good for others like dog barking/mice etc.)
32
what does damage to the tegmentum do?
damage to movement, parkinson's disease( dopamine) | side effects due to drugs on the red nucleous for schizophrenia
33
what is the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus | "the blob on the end of the brainstem"
34
what is the story of the thalamus?
many nuclei: inputs from sensory systems ,cerebellum and basal ganglia sends as much info to the cortex as it recieves acts as a gate as you sleep to let signals pass/stop them from reaching the cortex all senses stop here before going to the cortex EXCEPT smell corticothalamic loop!
35
what is the corticothalamic loop? | why is it important?
from the cortex to the thalamus and right back! | important for CONSCIOUS experience. without the loop you don't have consciousness
36
what is the hypothalamus?
area under the thalamus, lots of nuclei! key intersection between endocrine system via pituitary gland -sex/aggression/feeding/sleep/wake/soial bonding
37
what does damage to the hypothalamus cause?
many things, but mainly to do with eating and sleeping - can cause rats to eat nonstop or stop eating altogether - can cause insomnia (ESPECIALLY WITH GENETIC COMPONENT) - narcolepsy!
38
what is the telencephalon?
largest part cortex and underlying structures (hippocampus/amygdala) damage here is wide ranging
39
what is the cerebral/neocortex/cortex?
largest most prominent feature | - highly convoluted to maximize space
40
what happened to a study that tried to convolute mice brains?
the mice did better on a task but then all died
41
what is lissencephalic?
smooth brained
42
where does damage show up in brain regions?
can show up in either sulci OR gyri (sometimes sulci first)
43
what separates the 2 hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
44
what is the corpus callosum?
conects the hemispheres of the brain: white matter bundles | - there are others but are less imporant
45
what is callostomy?
treatment for epilepsy where you sever the corpus callosum. this reduces severity of hard to treat/unlocalized seisures
46
what do split brain patients demonstrate?
two separate minds!
47
what is contralateral organization?
the left side controls the right half of the body and vise versa
48
what hemisphere is dominant for language?
left!
49
how do the lobes get their names?
skull names!
50
what is deep in the lateral fissure?
the insula! | - taste, emotion
51
what separates the frontal and pariental lobes?
central fissure with pre/post gyri on either side
52
what separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the brain
the lateral fissure.
53
what structures lie under the cortex
``` the limbic "system" - none of which are connected in a circut - MOSTLY amydgala hippocampus mammilary body -sometimes hypothalamus, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum, olfactory bulb ``` strong connection to nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex
54
what is the basal ganglia?
important for skill learning like riding a bike -addiction, habitual learning, motivation ``` Striatum (caudate and putamen) Globus pallidus (somtetimes subthalamic nucleus) ``` Nucleus accumbens is a subregion of the striatum/caudate called the VENTRAL STRIATUM - movement, skills, habits, decision making
55
what stain is anatomy of cortical layers based on?
``` nissel stain (just the cell bodies) - some are really dense and others are sparse ```
56
what can you tell from an "anatomy of cortical layers" image?
its a well organized/layered system - i.e. layer 4, all sensory input goes in there fron thalamus (if layer 4 is thick, it must be a region recieving sensory input!) 3/5 are more for motor areas
57
how do you map differences in the cortex
using brodmann areas ! i.e. area 4 is a motor cortex, so if you stimulate they will move a body part some other areas you will report someone touching you
58
what areas do you need to "grab a drink of water"
``` prefrontal cortex premotor areas motor cortex basal ganglia pons cerebellum etc.! ```
59
which arteries go to the brain?
coroted (2) vertebral (2) thats it!
60
why is flow to the brain so important?
the supply is limited no redundancy no reserves if flow stops (stroke) the cells are dead within minutes because they aren't getting nutrients
61
what is the BBB (blood brain barrier)
a 2 tiered system to keep out bad things from your brain! - keep blood inside vessles and extract whats needed (02 glucose) - capillary walls tightly packed, no pores - very protected (except for hypothalamus which is a bit porous) - active transport for large molecules
62
what is toxic to nerve cells?
blood! among other things im sure
63
what surrounds the BBB?
astrocytes! they extract what is needed
64
what are the 3 meninges?
the layers of wrapping around your brain for protection - Dura mater (thick outer) - Arachnoid: spider like (super thin and hard to see) - Pia mater: like celophane wrap, clings to cortex and is super thin in between layers arachnoid and pia is the CFS
65
what are the ventricles of your brain?
lateral, 3rd and 4th flow into each other then down through the spinal chord there is a canal that its released into - provide nutrition but mostly PROTECTION - getting rid of waste metabolites provides a type of "airbag" system for the brain so it isn't hurt by impact and isn't crushed by its own weight like a beached whale
66
what does damage to the ventricles do?
a condition whre fluid gets trapped is called HYDROCEPHALIS which means water in the brain - used to be fatal, still really painful - all the fluid places pressure on neurons and causes them to die - nowadays we put a tube into the stomach and drain it that way

PSYC 301 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions