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Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main cell types of the CNS?

A

neurones and glial cells

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2
Q

Name the 4 major types of glial cells.

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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3
Q

Which cell type is more numerous in the CNS?

A

glial cells more numerous than neurones

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4
Q

Role of astrocytes?

A

support, maintaining BBB and environmental homeostasis

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5
Q

Role of oligodendrocytes?

A

produce myelin in CNS

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6
Q

Role of microglia?

A

immune monitoring and antigen presentation

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7
Q

Describe ependymal cells.

A

ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that line the ventricles

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8
Q

Describe the resting and activated state of microglial cells.

A

resting: elongated nucleus and short, spiny cell processes
activated: rounder and similar appearance to macrophage

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9
Q

Which matter contains most neurones, cell processes, synapses and support cells?

A

grey matter

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10
Q

Which matter contains axons and their support cells?

A

white matter (medullary centre)

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11
Q

Which lobe lies anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?

A

frontal

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12
Q

Which lobe is posterior to central sulcus, superior to lateral sulcus and anterior to parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

parietal

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13
Q

Which lobe is posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the pre-occipital notch?

A

occipital

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14
Q

Which lobe is inferior to lateral sulcus and anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus line?

A

temporal

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15
Q

Which lobe is normally hidden and important in a patient’s experience of pain?

A

insular lobe / insula

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16
Q

Name the two nerve plexuses in the walls of the gut and which nervous system are they part of?

A 
enteric nervous system 
myenteric plexus (between outer layers of SM)
submucosal plexus (in the submucosa)
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17
Q

Which artery supplies the majority of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

middle cerebral artery

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18
Q

Which artery supplies the medial aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

anterior cerebral artery

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19
Q

Which area of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

inferior aspect of cerebral hemisphere and occipital lobe.

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20
Q

The name for the spinal cord terminating in a tapered shape?

A

conus medullairs

21
Q

The spinal cord continues as thin connective tissue cord (name?) which anchors it to the dorsal of the coccyx.

A

film terminale

22
Q

What is the spinal cord suspended by? It is found on the lateral surfaces of the cord - what it is formed by?

A

denticulate ligament

formed of pia & arachnoid tissue - attaches to dura at points along the length of the cord

23
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

longitudinally orientated nerve fibres (axons)
glial cells
blood vessels

24
Q

What are the subdivisions of the white matter?

A

posterior, lateral and anterior funiculi - each have a variety of fibre sizes

25
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

neuronal soma, cell processes, synapses, glia and blood vessels

26
Q

What are the sections of grey mater?

A

left and right posterior horns
left and right anterior horns (H)

horizontal part of H =dorsal and ventral grey commissures which surround the central canal

27
Q

Which spinal segments would contain lateral horns of grey matter?

A

T1-L2

28
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the spinal cord.

A

3 major longitudinal arteries (1 ant. 2 post.) - originate from vertebral arteries
Segmental arteries - from vertebral, intercostal & lumbar arteries.
Radicular arteries - follow the dorsal and ventral roots - exit spinal cord at each level.

29
Q

In the spinal canal what is found between the dura and bone and what does it contain?

A

Epidural space - contains adipose tissue and the anterior and posterior venous plexuses

30
Q

Why is there less white matter in the spinal cord as you descend it?

A

it delivers axons to the brain so the further away it is from the brain, the smaller the proportion of white matter vs. grey matter

31
Q

Which spinal tract is responsible for fine touch and proprioception?

A

dorsal column / medial lemniscus system

32
Q

Where is the 1st order neurone of the dorsal column/medial lemniscus system?

A

in nucleus gracilis of medulla

33
Q

How do the fibres travel up the dorsal column?

A

enter spinal cord and ascends until they cross in the medulla, travel up to thalamus and synapse in the primary somatosensory cortex

34
Q

which fasiciuli of the dorsal column correspond to arms and which to legs?

A

arms - fascicles cuneatus

legs - fascicles gracilis

35
Q

Which tract carries pain, temperature and deep pressure?

A

spinothalamic tract

aka. anterolateral tract

36
Q

How do the fibres cross in the spinothalamic tract?

A

cross segmentally - enter spinal cord at posterior horn and synapse - axon crosses into contralateral anterior with matter and ascends to thalamus.

37
Q

How does information from the motor cortex reach the motor neurone?

A

via descending spinal cord tracts - the corticospinal tracts (lateral and ventral)

38
Q

What is the corticospinal tract responsible for?

A

fine, precise movement, especially in distal limb muscles

39
Q

What visible feature does the CST form?

A

visible ridges (pyramids) on the anterior surface of the medulla - hence pyramidal tract name.

40
Q

What percentage of fibres cross the pyramids at the medulla?

A

85% cross and the rest continue down ipsilateral side of spinal cord

41
Q

What is the term for the fibres crossing in the caudal medulla?

A

decussation of the pyramids

42
Q

What is decorticate posturing?

A

spastic paralysis of the corticospinal tract with hyperflesion of the upper limbs
- a consequence of CVA of the internal capsule

43
Q

What are the 3 tracts of the “extra-pyramidal system”?

A

Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract

44
Q

What is the tectum?

A

the posterior portion of brain - mediates reflex head and neck movements due to visual stimuli

45
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract supply and where does it cross?

A

Motor input to cervical segments
crosses midline then projects down spinal cord to C level
synapse in anterior horn of cord

46
Q

Which extra-pyramidal tract influences voluntary movement?

A

reticulospinal

47
Q

What do fibres originating in areas of reticular formation (P&M) control?

A

pons - flexor movements

medulla - extensor movements

48
Q

What input does the vestibulospinal tract facilitate?

A

excitatory input to ‘antigravity’ extensor muscles

e.g. finds balance after pushed

49
Q

What is the consequence of lateral semi-section of spinal cord?

A

Brown-Sequard’s syndrome

  • > ipsilateral paralysis
  • > ipsilateral hyperreflexia & extensor plantar reflex (CST)
  • > ipsilateral loss of vibratory sense & proprioception (dorsal column)

-> contralateral loss of pain & temperature (spinothalamic)

Neurology (11 decks)

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