Neuroanatomy Flashcards
What are the major branches of the external carotid artery?
SALFOPSiMax (ascending order) Superior Thyroid Artery Ascending Pharyngeal Artery Lingual Artery Facial Artery Occipital Artery Posterior Auricular Artery Superficial Temporal Artery Internal Maxillary Artery
What is the carotid siphon?
It is the intracavernous and supraclinoid segments of the ICA (the S-shaped part)
What areas are affected by occlusion of the anterior choroidal artery? What are the symptoms?
Posterior limb of the internal capsule, tail of the Caudate, optical tract, lateral geniculate body, medial temporal lobe, and medial area of the pallidum Hemiparesis, hemianesthesia, and hemianopsia
The PCA divides into what two terminal branches?
parietooccipital artery and calcarine artery
What arteries supply the choroid plexus of the temporal horn and atrium?
PCAs
The vein of Labbe anastamoses with what sinus?
Transverse Sinus
What are the “Italian arteries”?
the arteries of Bernasconi and Cassinari, branches from the tentorial artery (a branch of the meningohypophyseal trunk from the intracavernous ICA)
Which branch of the carotid artery passes between the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and CN VI?
The inferolateral trunk of the intracavernous carotid
What are the three main superficial cerebral veins?
- Superior anastomotic vein of Trolard 2. Inferior anastomotic vein of Labbe 3. Superficial middle cerebral vein
What is the most common clinical symptom in an unruptured cavernous carotid aneurysm?
Ipsilateral CN VI palsy (due to spatial proximity to carotid)
What is the arterial supply of the lateral geniculate nucleus?
Dual arterial supply: anterior choroidal and lateral posterior choroidal artery
What artery is most commonly associated with Trigeminal Neuralgia?
Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA)
What artery is most commonly associated with hemifacial spasm?
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
What artery is most commonly affected in glossopharyngeal neuralgia?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Which vessel has the highest risk of injury in Chiari decompression?
PICA
Which vessels supply the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles?
SCA AICA PICA
Where is the motor stripe located in relation to the coronal suture?
4 to 5.5 cm behind the coronal suture
What are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
What lies within the suboccipital triangle?
The vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve
Where can the tranverse process of the atlas be palpated? In what situation can that be helpful to identify?
Through the skin between the mastoid process and the mandibular angle
Far lateral approach
What is the asterion? Why is it a useful landmark? What surface landmarks can help identify it?
The lamboid, parietomastoid, and occipitomastoid sutures
important landmark to define the lower half of the junction of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses
It lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance of the ear canal
What are the two compartments of the jugular foramen? What is contained within each?
Pars venosa (posteriolateral): sigmoid sinus, jugular bulb, CN X, and CN XI
Pars nervosa (anteromedial): CN IX and Jacobson’s Nerve (tympanic nerve)
What structurer does the abducen’s nerve go through to enter the cavernous sinus?
Dorello’s canal
What structures go through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII, CN VIII, and Labrynthine Artery
What structures pass through the annulus of Zinn?
Optic nerve, Ophthalmic artery, oculomotor nerve, abducens nerve, and nasocilliary nerve
What structures are in the pterygopalatine fossa?
Maxillary artery, maxillary nerve, and pterygopalatine ganglion (CN VII)
What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
Infraorbital nerve and zygomatic nerve
The clivus is formed by which bones?
Occipital and Sphenoid bones
What structure separates the optic canal from the superior orbital fissure?
The Optic Strut
What are the five parts of the lateral ventricle?
Frontal horn, temporal horn, occipital horn, body, and atrium
Which CN nuclei are positioned in the lateral recess near the foramen of Luschka?
Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of CN VIII
The choroidal fissure is the cleft between what two structures?
the Fornix and thalamus
What are the circumventricular organs?
- Pineal Gland
- Subforniceal Organ
- Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis
- Median eminence of the hypothalamus
- Neurohypophysis
- Area Postrema
- Subcommissural organ
What are the lateral ridges and medial ridges of the floor of the fourth ventricle?
Lateral ridges: vagal trigone (dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus)
Medial ridges: hypoglossal trigone (hypoglossal nucleus)
What are the outlets of the fourth ventricle?
Two lateral foramina of Luschka and one medial foramen of Magendie
What separates the chiasmatic cistern from the interpeduncular cistern?
The Liliequist or Mesencephalic Membrane
Where do sympathetic fibers of the head originate?
Hypothalamus: they descent through the brainstem and C spine to T1 - L2 where they exit and head back up towards the head
Where in the brain are cholinergic neurons found?
The basal nucleus of Meynert (defective in Alzheimer’s disease)
Where are the norepinephrine containing neurons found in the brain?
The Locus Coeruleus
What supplies the sympathetic innervation to the head and neck?
The stellate ganglion
What forms the stellate ganglion?
The inferior cervical ganglion joins the first throacic ganglion to form the Cervical Thoracic (Stellate) ganglion
The vidian artery and nerve pass through what bony structure?
The Pterygoid Canal
What is the Intermediate Nerve?
the sensory and parasympathetic division of the facial nerve
What innervates the parotid gland? What is the associated ganglion?
The glossopharyngeal nerve and the Otic Ganglion
