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Neurosurgery Rounds: Q&A > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major branches of the external carotid artery?

A

SALFOPSiMax (ascending order) Superior Thyroid Artery Ascending Pharyngeal Artery Lingual Artery Facial Artery Occipital Artery Posterior Auricular Artery Superficial Temporal Artery Internal Maxillary Artery

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2
Q

What is the carotid siphon?

A

It is the intracavernous and supraclinoid segments of the ICA (the S-shaped part)

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3
Q

What areas are affected by occlusion of the anterior choroidal artery? What are the symptoms?

A

Posterior limb of the internal capsule, tail of the Caudate, optical tract, lateral geniculate body, medial temporal lobe, and medial area of the pallidum Hemiparesis, hemianesthesia, and hemianopsia

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4
Q

The PCA divides into what two terminal branches?

A

parietooccipital artery and calcarine artery

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5
Q

What arteries supply the choroid plexus of the temporal horn and atrium?

A

PCAs

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6
Q

The vein of Labbe anastamoses with what sinus?

A

Transverse Sinus

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7
Q

What are the “Italian arteries”?

A

the arteries of Bernasconi and Cassinari, branches from the tentorial artery (a branch of the meningohypophyseal trunk from the intracavernous ICA)

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8
Q

Which branch of the carotid artery passes between the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and CN VI?

A

The inferolateral trunk of the intracavernous carotid

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9
Q

What are the three main superficial cerebral veins?

A
  1. Superior anastomotic vein of Trolard 2. Inferior anastomotic vein of Labbe 3. Superficial middle cerebral vein
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10
Q

What is the most common clinical symptom in an unruptured cavernous carotid aneurysm?

A

Ipsilateral CN VI palsy (due to spatial proximity to carotid)

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11
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Dual arterial supply: anterior choroidal and lateral posterior choroidal artery

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12
Q

What artery is most commonly associated with Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A

Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA)

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13
Q

What artery is most commonly associated with hemifacial spasm?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

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14
Q

What artery is most commonly affected in glossopharyngeal neuralgia?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

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15
Q

Which vessel has the highest risk of injury in Chiari decompression?

A

PICA

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16
Q

Which vessels supply the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles?

A

SCA AICA PICA

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17
Q

Where is the motor stripe located in relation to the coronal suture?

A

4 to 5.5 cm behind the coronal suture

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18
Q

What are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?

A
19
Q

What lies within the suboccipital triangle?

A

The vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve

20
Q

Where can the tranverse process of the atlas be palpated? In what situation can that be helpful to identify?

A

Through the skin between the mastoid process and the mandibular angle

Far lateral approach

21
Q

What is the asterion? Why is it a useful landmark? What surface landmarks can help identify it?

A

The lamboid, parietomastoid, and occipitomastoid sutures

important landmark to define the lower half of the junction of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses

It lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance of the ear canal

22
Q

What are the two compartments of the jugular foramen? What is contained within each?

A

Pars venosa (posteriolateral): sigmoid sinus, jugular bulb, CN X, and CN XI

Pars nervosa (anteromedial): CN IX and Jacobson’s Nerve (tympanic nerve)

23
Q

What structurer does the abducen’s nerve go through to enter the cavernous sinus?

A

Dorello’s canal

24
Q

What structures go through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII, CN VIII, and Labrynthine Artery

25
Q

What structures pass through the annulus of Zinn?

A

Optic nerve, Ophthalmic artery, oculomotor nerve, abducens nerve, and nasocilliary nerve

26
Q

What structures are in the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Maxillary artery, maxillary nerve, and pterygopalatine ganglion (CN VII)

27
Q

What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

Infraorbital nerve and zygomatic nerve

28
Q

The clivus is formed by which bones?

A

Occipital and Sphenoid bones

29
Q

What structure separates the optic canal from the superior orbital fissure?

A

The Optic Strut

30
Q

What are the five parts of the lateral ventricle?

A

Frontal horn, temporal horn, occipital horn, body, and atrium

31
Q

Which CN nuclei are positioned in the lateral recess near the foramen of Luschka?

A

Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of CN VIII

32
Q

The choroidal fissure is the cleft between what two structures?

A

the Fornix and thalamus

33
Q

What are the circumventricular organs?

A
  1. Pineal Gland
  2. Subforniceal Organ
  3. Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis
  4. Median eminence of the hypothalamus
  5. Neurohypophysis
  6. Area Postrema
  7. Subcommissural organ
34
Q

What are the lateral ridges and medial ridges of the floor of the fourth ventricle?

A

Lateral ridges: vagal trigone (dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus)

Medial ridges: hypoglossal trigone (hypoglossal nucleus)

35
Q

What are the outlets of the fourth ventricle?

A

Two lateral foramina of Luschka and one medial foramen of Magendie

36
Q

What separates the chiasmatic cistern from the interpeduncular cistern?

A

The Liliequist or Mesencephalic Membrane

37
Q

Where do sympathetic fibers of the head originate?

A

Hypothalamus: they descent through the brainstem and C spine to T1 - L2 where they exit and head back up towards the head

38
Q

Where in the brain are cholinergic neurons found?

A

The basal nucleus of Meynert (defective in Alzheimer’s disease)

39
Q

Where are the norepinephrine containing neurons found in the brain?

A

The Locus Coeruleus

40
Q

What supplies the sympathetic innervation to the head and neck?

A

The stellate ganglion

41
Q

What forms the stellate ganglion?

A

The inferior cervical ganglion joins the first throacic ganglion to form the Cervical Thoracic (Stellate) ganglion

42
Q

The vidian artery and nerve pass through what bony structure?

A

The Pterygoid Canal

43
Q

What is the Intermediate Nerve?

A

the sensory and parasympathetic division of the facial nerve

44
Q

What innervates the parotid gland? What is the associated ganglion?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve and the Otic Ganglion

Neurosurgery Rounds: Q&A (1 decks)

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