Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Embryology - What are the three primary vesicles that the brain forms at the top of the neural tube.

Answer 1

Prosecephalon, mesencephalon, rhomencephalon.

Question 2

The prosencephalon goes on to form

Answer 2

the telencephalon and dicephalon.

Question 3

The mesencephalon divides into 2 T/F?

Answer 3

No the mesencephalon remains the mescencephalon.

Question 4

The rjomboncephalon forms

Answer 4

the metencephalon and mylencephalon.

Question 5

The telencephalon forms the

Answer 5

Cerebral hemispheres
Basal ganglia 
Hippocampus 
Olfactory bulb 
Basal forebrain.

Question 6

Diencephalon forms

Answer 6

the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 7

The mesencephalon forms the

Answer 7

midbrain.

Question 8

The metencephalon forms

Answer 8

the pons and the cerebellum

Question 9

The myelencephalon forms the

Answer 9

medulla oblongata.

Question 10

The brainstem consists of the

Answer 10

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Question 11

What are glial cells and what are the 4 types?

Answer 11

They are like ‘glue’. Astrocytees, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells.

Question 12

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 12

star shaped and maintain the BBB, environmental homeostasis. Can tighten the cepillary epithelium for example.

Question 13

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 13

Produce myeline only in the central nervous system. Round nucleus with many branches.

Question 14

What are nodes of Ranvier?

Answer 14

Space between where the myelination of one oligodendrocyte ends and another begins. Gap in myelin sheath.

Question 15

What are microglia

Answer 15

Similar to macrophages, immune monitoring and antigen presentation. Elongated nucleus, short spiny processes.

Question 16

What are ependymal cells?

Answer 16

ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that line the ventricles. Contribute to CSF production.

Question 17

White matter is mainly ____ that connect cells.

Answer 17

Axons

Question 18

Main components of grey matter?

Answer 18

++ Neurons, cell processes, synapses + support cells.

Question 19

Grey matter surrounds white matter T/F

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Where is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 20

pre-central gyrus

Question 21

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 21

Post central gyrus.

Question 22

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

Answer 22

The central gyrus.

Question 23

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 23

largest structure that allows the left and right cortexes to communicate.

Question 24

What are the lobes of the brain?

Answer 24

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula.

Question 25

What are the layers of the meninges? From superficial to deep.

Answer 25

Dura Matter, Arachnoid, (sub arachnoid space), Pia matter.

Question 26

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

Answer 26

The internal jugular vein.

Question 27

How is the spinal cord suspended in canal?

Answer 27

By the denticulate ligaments which are formed by pia and arachnoid tissue. So are in the subarachnoid space.

Question 28

What is the epidural space?

Answer 28

Space between the dura and bone in the spinal cord, it is filled with adipose and anterior/posterios epidural venus plexus.

Question 29

The major longitudinal arterial supply to the spinal cord?

Answer 29

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries. | 1 anterior and 2 posterior longitudinal arteries from the vertebral arteries. Run the length of the cord.

Question 30

Other arterial supply to the spinal cord

Answer 30

Segmental arteries from vertebral intercoastal and lumbar arteries. And radicular arteries which travel alone the dorsal and ventral roots.

Question 31

Venous drainage of the spinal cord.

Answer 31

Follows similar pattern to arteries - both longitudinal and segmental veins.

Question 32

What does the Dorsal Column/ medial lemnuscus system do?

Answer 32

Fine touch | Proprioception (especially upper limb)

Question 33

Where do the fibres of the dorsal coloumn cross?

Answer 33

The medulla.

Question 34

What is the function of the spinopthalamic tract?

Answer 34

Pain Temperature Deep pressure.

Question 35

Where do the fibres of the spinophthalamic tract cross?

Answer 35

Segementally, it where they enter the spinal cord. They synapse in the thalamus before they go to the corresponding area in the sensory cortex.

Question 36

What is the function of the corticospinal or pyramidal tract?

Answer 36

Executing fine precise movement of distal limb muscles.

Question 37

Where do the corticospinal/pyramidal fibres cross?

Answer 37

85% in the caudal medulla to form the lateral cortisospinal tract. And the rest form the ventral corticospinal tract which crosses segmentally.

Question 38

What happens if there is a CVA of the internal capsule?

Answer 38

There is a lack of descending control o the crorticospinal tract (+ other effects). You get SPASTIC PARALYSIS WITH HYPERREFLEXIA OF THE UPPER LIMBS = DECORTICATE POSTURING.

Question 39

What are the motor systems outside the pyramidal tract referred to as?

Answer 39

Extrapyramidal system.