Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 1

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Answer 2

Interacts with the external environment. Composed of afferent nerves and efferent nerves - part of pns

Question 3

Automatic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 3

Regulates the body’s internal environment. Composed of afferent and efferent nerves - part of pns

Question 4

Centtal nervous system (CNS)

Answer 4

Brain and spinal cord, consists of 5 divisions, Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myecenphalon

Question 5

Forebrain : Telencephalon

Answer 5

Largest division of the human brain, initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, mediates cognitive processes such as learning, speaking and problem solving

Question 6

Within cerebral hemispheres : Basal ganglia

Answer 6

includes the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus. The basal ganglia is very important in motor control, memory, reward system and emotions.

Question 7

Within cerebral hemispheres : Limbic system

Answer 7

A network of structures alongside the basal ganglia. This includes the amygdala (almond), which has several subdivisions with diverse functions such as emotional regulation and odor perception. The hippocampus (sea horse) and the fornix, both of which who contribute to learning and memory. The cingulate gyrus, and the olfactory bulb, sense of smell. The limbic system help to govern highly motivated behaviors such as sex, aggression, and regulate the hormonal system of the body

Question 8

the nervous system

Answer 8

Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system
(->somatic nervous system (afferent nerves + efferent nerves)
(->autonomic nervous system (afferent nerves + efferent nerves(sympathic nervous system + parasympathetic nervous system)

Question 9

Cerebral cortex

Answer 9

Layer of tissue on the cerebral hemispheres. Referred to as the grey matter. Has a lot of convolutions, which increases the amount of cerebral cortex without increasing the overall volume of the brain (Lissencephalic = smooth brain)

Question 10

Fissures

Answer 10

large lines in a convulted cortex. Divides the different lobes
• Longitudinal fissure: Largest fissure, divides the two hemispheres
• Lateral fissure
• Central fissure

Question 11

Sulci (singular sulcus)

Answer 11

small lines

Question 12

Gyri (singular Gyrus)

+Types of gyri

Answer 12

Ridges between fissures and sulci
• Precentral gyri : Crucial for motor control, fine movements ( moving one finger at the time).
• postcentral gyri: Receive somatosensory information from the entire body.
• superior temporal gyri: largest gyri. Important for processing sound.
• Cingulate gyrus: Above the corpus callosum.

Question 13

Cerebral commisures

Answer 13

connecting tracts between both hemispheres

• Corpus callosum: Largest cerebral commissure

Question 14

4 lobes (divided by central and lateral fissures

Answer 14

Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe

Question 15

Frontal lobe

Answer 15

controlling mental functions. Controls complex cognitions, planning, impulsivity

Question 16

Occipital lobe

Answer 16

Main target for visual information. Seeing shapes, perceiving colors and detecting emotions

Question 17

Parietal lobe

Answer 17

Integrating sensory information, manipulation of objects and visual spatial processing. Linking sensory information to action

Question 18

Temporal lobe

Answer 18

target for auditory information, spoken language and recognizing faces, also plays a role in emotional and motivational behavior

Question 19

Neocortex: New Cortex

Answer 19

Part of the cortex, the largest part of the cerebral cortex, has 6 layers. 90% of the cortex is the neocortex

Question 20

Diencephalon

Answer 20

Composed of two structures: upper part= thalamus, lower part= hypothalamus

Question 21

Thalamus

Answer 21

large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem, relay station (central station), signals pass trough and get coordinated to the other parts of the brain.
 Massa intermedia: joins the two lobes.
 Sensory relay nuclei: receive signals from sensory receptors, process them and transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex.

Question 22

Hypothalamus

Answer 22

located just below the anterior thalamus, plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors (hunger, thirst, reproductive behavior).
 Pituitary gland: regulated by the hypothalamus, releases hormones.
 Optic chiasm: point where the optic nerves from each eye come together.
 Mamillary body: Pair of nuclei at the base of the brain.

Question 23

Midbrain

Answer 23

• Mesencephalon: Two divisions:
o Tectum: (roof of the mesencephalon) dorsal surface of the midbrain. Motor system
 Inferior colliculli: Receive auditory information and process sound.
 Superior colliculi: Process visual information.

o Tegmentum: ventral surface. Sensory system.
 Pariaquedictal gray: grey matter around the cerebral aqueduct, it has a role in mediating the pain reducing drugs.
 Substantia nigra: (black substance) sensorimotor system.
 Red nucleus: Communicated with motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Question 24

Hindbrain

Answer 24

• Metencephalon: Basic bodily functions.
o Pons: Sleep, respiration, swallowing. Basic bodily functions.
o Cerebellum: large, convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface. It is involved with central regulation of movements.

• Myelencephalon: Medulla, is composed largely of
tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body.
o Reticular (reticulum=net) formation: complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies central core of the brain stem. The various nuclei are involved in many functions (sleep, attention, movement, maintenance of muscles, various cardiac and respiratory reflexes.

Question 25

how to protect and nourish our brain

Answer 25

The brain and spinal cord are enveloped by three protective membranes called the Meninges.
 Dura mater ( tough mother): though outer sheet.
 Pia mater (tender mother): delicate inner sheet. In between there is the
 Arachnoid ( spiderweb like): this suspends the brain in a bath of Cerebrospinal fluid( CSF).

Question 26

Ventricular system

Answer 26

System of fluid filled (CFS) cavities inside the brain. It has two main functions, first it acts as a shock absorber for the brain, floating in CFS the brain is protected from sudden movements. Second the CFS provides a medium for the exchange of materials, including nutrients, between blood vessels and brain tissue.
Each hemisphere of the brain contains a lateral ventricle