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Neuropsychology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Ramon y Cajal

A

investigated that neurons are not physically connected, won the Nobel Prize

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2
Q

Meninges

A

protective sheaths around the brain

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3
Q

Sulci

A

grooves/spaces

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4
Q

Gyri

A

neural folds of tissue

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5
Q

Coronal plane

A

divides dorsal/ventral (belly/back)

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6
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Dividing rostral/caudal (top and bottom)

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7
Q

Rostral

A

toward the beak (front)

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8
Q

Caudal

A

toward the tail (back)

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9
Q

sagittal

A

dividing left-right

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10
Q

ventral

A

front

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11
Q

dorsal

A

back

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12
Q

dura mater

A

outer layer of meninges, hard,

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13
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of meninges, soft, spongy, web-like

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14
Q

pia mater

A

smaller surface blood vessels of brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between pia and arachnoid, full of CSF

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16
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

bathes and floats brain in skull

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17
Q

frontal lobe

A

(in the front) executive function, motor function, problem solving, memory, language, initiation, judgment, impulse control

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18
Q

parietal lobe

A

caudal to frontal lobe, dorsal to temporal lobe
- processing sensory information, interpreting visual information, processing language, mathematics, orientation of body to space

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19
Q

temporal lobe

A

ventral to frontal and parietal lobes

  • auditory processing and perception, structural memory, visual processing
  • comprehension of speech, integration of patterns of stimuli
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20
Q

occipital lobe

A

back of the brain, caudal to parietal and temporal lobes

-visual processing

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21
Q

lateral (Sylvian fissure)

A

separates temporal from parietal lobe)

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22
Q

central (Rolandic fissure)

A

separates parietal lobe from frontal lobe

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23
Q

falx cerebri

A

made of dura mater, divides cerebral hemisphere, provides cushion and cradles cerebrum

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24
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain” covered by cerebellar cortex

important to motor system, coordination, balance, speech, posture

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25
Q

brain stem

A

stem of the brain from the medulla to the diencephalon, excluding cerebellum

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26
Q

medulla

A

caudal portion of brain stem, lower border rostral to spinal cord, contains reticular formation
-regulation of cardiovascular system, respiration, skeletal muscles

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27
Q

pons

A

large bulge in brain stem, ventral to cerebellum, rostral to medulla, caudal to midbrain
-sleep, arousal, relays info from cortex to cerebellum

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28
Q

midbrain

A

(mesencephalon) surrounds cerebral aqueduct, central of three divisions of brain (tectum and tegmentum)
- vision, hearing, sleep/awake, arousal, temperature, regulation

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29
Q

ventricles

A

hollow interconnected chambers in brain filled with CSF

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30
Q

lateral ventricles

A

largest chambers in forebrain, connected to third ventricle

first and second ventricles run right and left laterally

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31
Q

third ventricle

A

located in middle of brain, walls divide surrounding part of brain into symmetrical halves

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32
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects third ventricle and fourth ventricles of brain

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33
Q

fourth ventricle

A

located bewteen cerebellum and pons, brings CSF to subarachnoid space

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34
Q

choroid plexus

A

special tissue with rich blood supply, manufactures, CSF

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35
Q

white matter

A

axon bundles sending info from subcortical structures up to cortical areas, large concentration of myelin gives white appearance in deep parts of brain, spinal cord, cerebellum

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36
Q

gray matter

A

contains cell bodies of neurons, present in brain, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord. includes regions involved in sensory perception, memory, emotions, muscle control, decision-making, self-control

37
Q

glia

A

inside protection line outer membrane of blood brain barrier, form layer around brain blood vessels, important for transport of ions from brain to blood, surround neuron
three types: oligodendrocytes, astrcytes, microglia

38
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

provides support to axond and produce myelin sheath

39
Q

astrocytes

A 
forms matrix to keep neurons in place and isolate synapse
perform phagocytosis (push against neural debris, to engulf and digest it)
40
Q

microglia

A

smallest glial cells, key components of brain immune system, mediate neuro-inflammatory process, subtle brain immune response in acute reactions to injury in absence of blood-brain barrier

41
Q

insular cortex

A

in each hemisphere, folded deep within lateral sulcus

-consciousness, emotion, regulation of homeostasis, perception, motor control, self-awareness, interpersonal experience

42
Q

thalamus

A

two lobes (inner chamber) connected by gray matter, contains nuclei that project and receive info to/from cerebral cortex

  • sensory information, arousal, memory, cognitive functions
  • way station - preliminary organization of sensory and some motor info
43
Q

hypothalamus

A

under thalamus, controls ANS and endocrine system

fight, feed, flee, mate, hormones, thirst, hunger, sex

44
Q

pituitary gland

A

below hypothalamus, attached via nerve fibers, produce hormones that control bodily functions

45
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

secretions controlled by hypothalamic hormones, body’s master gland
sex hormone release

46
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

extension produced by hypothalamus, contains hormone secreting terminal buttons of axons, cell-bodies in hypothalamus
-milk ejection, uterine contractions, urine output

47
Q

basal ganglia

A

collection of subcortical nuclei in telencephalon, lie beneath anterior portion of lateral ventricles,
-voluntary movement, procedural learning, routine behavior, eye movement, cognition, emotion

48
Q

caudate

A

part of dorsal striatum, motor processes, procedural learning, associative learning, executive functions

49
Q

putamen

A

part of dorsal striatum, regulate movements, influence types of learning, role in degenerative neuro disorders

50
Q

globus pallidus internal

A

internal segment, received motor-related cortical signals through striatum, external GP, and subthalamic nucleus

51
Q

globus pallidus external

A

external segment, inhibit tonic inhibitory output neurons

52
Q

glial cells

A

offer structural support to hold everything in place

53
Q

orbital frontal lobes

A

executive function, initiation, planning

54
Q

claustrum

A

subcortical

consciousness, unify awareness (temporal lobe)

55
Q

projection fibers

A

afferent - sensory - go up from lower parts to cortex (ad)

efferent - motor - go from cortex to lower (ex)

56
Q

association fibers

A

connect areas within same hemishphere

unilateral

57
Q

commissural fibers

A

travel across commissures in brain, send from one hemisphere to the other

58
Q

corpus callosum

A

hemispheres commiserate by communication

corpus callosum runs right across middle information, chopped for sagittal slice

59
Q

internal capsule

A

contains fibers going to/from cerebral cortex - projection fibers
carries info past basal ganglia, separates caudate nucleus and thalamus from putamen and globus pallidus

60
Q

cingulate cortex

A

The cingulate cortex, a part of the limbic cortex, is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex. The cingulate cortex includes the entire cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus.
emotional processing area of brain
back area for processing affective components (ouch)

61
Q

pain pathway cingulate cortex

A

contralateral, goes up to thalamus to cingulate cortex, travels to sensory homunculus

62
Q

hippocampus

A

emotion, memory, ANS, declarative memory

shaped like a seahorse

63
Q

amygdala

A

almond shaped

emotion survival instincts, memory, fear, process affect

64
Q

homunculi

A

neurological map of anatomical divisions of body
motor and sensory
corpus callosum bridging the two
longitudinal fissure is in the middle

65
Q

motor homunculus

A

descending ventral left side
leave frontal motor area and descend spinal cord when synapses on alpha neurons project ventrally out and form mixed nerve, ending on muscles and other peripheral nerves

66
Q

sensory homunculus

A

ascending, dorsal, right side
information comes up spinal cord and synapses at level of medulla, crosses over near top and ascends through myelinated white fibers, goes through thalamaus and comes up through capsule, projects through cortical tissue to cortex

67
Q

primary motor cortex

A

precentra gyrus
motor representation arranged in orderly manner
representations lie along central sulus

68
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus, handles signals coming from thalamus, transmit from gyri to brain stem/spinal cord

69
Q

spinal cord

A

ventral/front/motor

dorsal/back/sensory

70
Q

spinocortical pathway

A

afferent
sensory pathway starts in spinal cord and ascends to cortex
PNS –> dorsal root ganglion –> up spinal cord ipsilateral –> synapses over at medulla –> thalamus releases NT

71
Q

spinothalamic pathway

A

pain/temperature
crosses over immediately on entering spinal cord, travel upwards to thalamus
sent to cingulate cortex and sensory cortex in parietal lobe

72
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

lesion of half the spinal cord results in a distinctive pattern of sensory loss, such that person loses sense of pain on opposite side of body below the lesions, and sense of touch on same side as and below the lesion

73
Q

ventral root ganglia

A

carries neural signals away from CNS to limbs/organs

74
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

carries neural signals from limbs/organs to CNS

75
Q

corticospinal

A

efferent, starts in cortex
project from cortical and go down to loops through basal ganglia and then thalamus and then cerebelluma and finally spinal cord
decussated at lower medulla and gows down contralaterally
nerves synpase on alpha neuron that project ventrally out of spinal cord and form mixed nerves

76
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

77
Q

PNS

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

78
Q

somatic nervous ssystem

A

voluntary
sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)

79
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary
parasympathetic and sympathetic
regulates unconscious activities
maintaining homeostasis

80
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

controls organs when body is at rest

81
Q

sympathetic NS

A

controls organs in times of stress

82
Q

Enteric NS

A

embedded in lining of GI tract
regulates GI functions
receives input from ANS

83
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 cranial nerves on ventral surface of brain
bring info from sense organs to brain, control muscles, connected to glands or internal organs
(On Old Olympus Towering Top A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops)
peripheral nerves that go directly to the brain

84
Q

sections of spinal cord

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
85
Q

carotid arteries

A

bring blood to the brain

86
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

goes back to parietal area (HAL)

87
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

lateral side of cortex, covers cortical tissues and interal organs

88
Q

posterior cerebral artery

A

middle of the brain

89
Q

circle of Willis

A

provides collateral blood supply if needed

Neuropsychology (6 decks)

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