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Anatomy 3. Semester > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q
  1. CNS - Blood supply
A
  1. Internal carotid system (from internal carotid a.)
    • Opthalmic a.
    • ant. + middle cerebral a.
    • inf. + sup. hypophyseal a.
    • ant. choroid a.
    • post. communicating a.
  2. Vertebrabasilar system (from vertebral + basilar a.)
    • ant. + post. spinal a.
    • post. inf. cerebellar a.
    • basilar a.
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2
Q

1.1 CNS - Blood supply - Circle of Willis

A

→ anastomosis of int. cartotid a. and vertebral a.

→ located in subarachnoid space

  • ant. + post. cerebral arteries
  • ant. + post. communicating arteries
  • ​internal carotid artery
  • Basilar artery
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3
Q

1.2 CNS - Blood supply - Veins

A
  • cerebral vein
    • inferior
    • middle
    • superior
    • great
    • internal
  • basal vein
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4
Q

1.3 CNS - Dural venous sinuses

A
  • between the 2 layers of cranial dura mater
  1. Unpaired
    • sup. + inf. sagittal
    • straight
    • occipital
  2. Paired
    • sphenoparietal
    • cavernous
    • sup. + inf. petrosal
    • transverse
    • sigmoid
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5
Q

1.4 Blood brain barrier

A
  • separates blood and CSF in the CNS
  • because of tight junctions between endothelial cells
  • layers:
    1. Choroidal endothelial cells: tight junctions
    2. Basement membrane
    3. Ependymal cells: tight junctions
  • substances may cross via
    • active transport
    • diffusion
    • facilitated diffusion
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6
Q
  1. Meninges - Anatomy
A
  • surrounds brain with 3 layers
    1. dura mater
      • strong, thick, fibrous
        • periosteal layer
        • meningeal layer
    2. arachnoid membrane
      • delicate nonvascular CT membrane
      • allows one way flow of CSF to venous circulation
    3. pia mater
      • delicate vascular CT membrane
      • covers surface of brain
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7
Q

2.1 Meninges - Blood supply

A
  • meningeal art.
    • anterior
    • middle
    • posterior
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8
Q

2.2 Meninges - Innervation

A

→ rich nerve supply, because of vasoconstriction

  1. Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
  2. Vagus nerve (CN 10)
  3. Hypoglossal nerve (CN 12)
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9
Q

2.3 Meninges - Subarachnoid space

A
  • space between:
    • arachnoid membrane + dura mater
  • contains CSF and arteries
  • surrounds CNS → enlarges at times
    • → subarachnoid cisternae
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10
Q
  1. Brain ventricles

lateral + 3rd ventricle

A
  1. Lateral ventricles
    • located within cerebral hemispheres
    • connected to 3rd ventricle via the interventricular foramina
    • consists of:
      • body
      • frontal horn
      • temporal horn
      • occipital horn
      • atrium
  2. 3rd ventricle
    • between the two thalami
    • filled with CSF
    • connected to 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
    • has recesses:
      • optic recess
      • infundibular recess
      • pineal recess
      • suprapineal recess
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11
Q

3.1 Brain ventricles

4th ventricle

A
  • posterior to brainstem
  • anterior to cerebellum
  • communicates with
    • 3rd ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
    • spinal cord via central canal
  • contains a pair of choroid plexi
    • site of CSF production
  • Borders:
    • superior: sup. + inf. medullary veli
    • inferior: rhomboid fossa
    • lateral: cerebellar peduncles
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12
Q

3.2 Choroid plexus

A
  • 4 cisterns, one in each ventricle
  • produce CSF
    • modified ependymal cells
    • 500ml/day
    • total volume: 140 ml
    • supports + cushions CNS
    • transports hormones
    • removes waste products
  • Circulation
    • lateral ventricles
      • 3rd ventricle
        • 4th ventricle
          • cerebellomedullary cistern
            • subarachnoid space
            • reabsorbtion into dural sinuses
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13
Q

3.3 Subarachnoid cisterns

A

→ expanded areas of subarachnoid space, also filled w/ CSF

  • between arachnoid and pia mater
  1. Cerebello•medullary cistern
  2. Basal cistern
  3. Ponto•cerebellar cistern
  4. Interpeduncular cistern
  5. carotic cistern
  6. lumbar cistern
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14
Q
  1. Cervival plexus

Muscular branches

A
  • formed by rami of C1-C4
  • Muscular branches
    1. Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3, CN12)
      • Genio•hyoid
      • Thyro•hyoid
      • Sterno•hyoid
      • Omo•hyoid
    2. Phrenic nerve (C4)
      1. Diaphragm
      2. Pericardium
    3. Segmental branches (C1-C4)
      1. ant. + mid. scalenus m.
      2. suboccipital m.
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15
Q

4.1 Cervical plexus

Cutaneous branches

A
  1. lesser occipital n.
  2. greater auricular n.
  3. transverse cervival n.
  4. supraclavicular n.
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16
Q
  1. Brachial plexus
A
  • from rami C5-C8 + T1
  • “M A R M U”
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17
Q
  1. Lumbar plexus
A
  • formed by rami of L1-L4 + T12 (subcostal n.)
  • Branches
    1. iliohypogastric
    2. ilioinguinal
    3. genitofemoral
    4. lat. femoral cutaneous
    5. obturator
    6. femoral
    7. muscular branches
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18
Q
  1. Sacral plexus
A
  • formed by rami of L4-L5 + S1-S4
  1. Sciatic plexus
    1. sup. + inf. gluteal n.
    2. post. femoral cutaneous n.
    3. sciatic n.
      • tibial n.
      • common peroneal n.
  2. Pudendal (hemorrhoidal) plexus
    • Pudendal nerve
    • Pelvic splanchnic nerve
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19
Q
  1. sympathetic PNS - Anatomy and peripheral ganglia
A
  • larger part of autonomic NS
  • neurotransmitter: mainly ACh + NE
  • induces fight-or-flight response
  • 2 different kinds:
  1. Paravertebral ganglia
    1. Cervical g. (3)
    2. Thoracic g. (11)
    3. Lumbar g. (5)
  2. Prevertebral ganglia
    1. ​​​Celiac g.
    2. sup. + inf. Mesenteric g.
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20
Q

8.1 sympathetic PNS - Plexuses

A
  1. Cavernous p.
  2. Carotid p.
  3. Cardiac p.
  4. Pulmonary p. (ant. + post.)
  5. Celiac p.
  6. sup. + inf. Mesenteric p.
  7. inf. Hypogastric p.
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21
Q

8.2 sympathetic PNS - Nerves

A
  1. Cardiopulmonary n.
  2. Thoracic splanchnic nerves
    • greater -
    • lesser -
    • least -
  3. Lumbar splanchnic n.
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22
Q
  1. parasympathetic PNS - peripheral ganglia
A
  • part of autonomic NS
  • neurotransmitter: only ACh
  • induces rest-and-digest action
  • Head and neck ganglia
    1. Ciliary g.
    2. Pterygopalatine g.
    3. Submandibular g.
    4. Otic g.
  • Intramural ganglia
    • ​from vagus nerve
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23
Q

9.1 parasympathetic PNS - Plexuses

A
  • very similar to sympathetic plexuses!
  1. Cardiac p.
  2. Pulmonary p.
  3. Celiac p.
  4. sup. + inf. Mesenteric p.
  5. inf. Hypogastric p.
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24
Q

9.2 parasympathetic PNS - Nerves

A
  1. Occulomotor n. (CN 3)
  2. Facial n. (CN 7)
  3. Glossopharyngeal n. (CN 9)
  4. Vagus n. (CN 10)
  5. Pelvic splanchnic n. (S2-S4)
    • from pudendohemorroidal plexus
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25
Q
  1. Spinal cord - Gross anatomy
A
  • cylindrical portion of the CNS
  • found in vertebral canal
  • borders
    • cranially: foramen magnum
    • caudally: L2 vertebra
  • Anterior:
    • anterior median fissure
      • anterior spinal art.
    • antero•lateral sulcus
      • exit of anterior spinal nerve roots
  • Posterior:
    • postero•lateral sulcus
      • entrance of posterior spinal nerve roots
    • posterior median sulcus
      • dividing spinal cord into two symmetrical halfs
    • posterior intermediate sulcus
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26
Q

10.1 Spinal cord - External features

A
  1. Enlargements
    • cervical
    • lumbar (L4-L5 = thickest)
  2. conus medullaris
    • level of L2
  3. cauda equina
    • spinal nerve roots L1 + L2
  4. filum terminale
    • attaches conus medullaris to coccyx
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27
Q

10.2 Spinal cord - Crosssection

A
  • grey matter (inside part)
    • anterior-, lateral-, posterior column
  • white matter (outside part)
    • anterior-, lateral-, posterior funiculus
  • cervical + lumbar part is bigger in diameter
    • due to lumbar + sacral plexus
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28
Q

10.3 Spinal cord - Meninges

A
  • consists of 3 layers
    1. pia mater
      • Denticulate lig.
        • attach arachnoid- + dura mater
      • subarachnoid space w/ cerebrospinal fluid
    2. arachnoid mater
      • forms perineurum of spinal nerves
    3. dura mater
      • makes up:
        • cauda equina
        • filum terminale
  • further enclosed by:
    • meningeal layer of spinal dura
    • epidural space w/ fat tissue + vertebral venous plexus
    • periosteal layer of spinal dura
  • continous with cranial meninges at foramen magnum!
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29
Q

10.4 Spinal cord - Blood supply

A

Arteries

  1. vertebral (longitudinal) art.
    • ant. + post. spinal art.
    • arterial anastomoses: arterial vasocorona
  2. segmental (radicular) art.
    • pass through intervertebral foramen
    • ant. + post. radicular art.
      • have anastomoses
    • dominant artery: Art. of Adamkiewicz

Veins (like arteries)

  • ant. + post. spinal veins
  • ant. + post. radicular veins
  • internal vertebral plexus in the epidural space
  • which drains into: external vertebral plexus
  • finally: intervertebral veins
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30
Q

10.5 Spinal cord segment

A
  • anatomical + functional unit of the spinal cord
  • consists of:
    • gray matter
      • central canal
        • contains cerebrospinal fluid
    • white matter (columns)
    • grey matter (horns)
  • contents:
    • one pair of spinal nerves
    • dorsal + ventral roots
    • dorsal root ganglion
    • sensory + motor neurons
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31
Q
  1. Spinal cord - White matter
A
  • contains:
    • nerves
    • glial cells
    • blood vessels
  • Nerve fibres with similar destinations:
    • Tracts/Pathways - in funiculi!
      • ascending
      • descending
      • intersegmental
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32
Q

11.1 Spinal cord - White matter - Ascending tracts

A
  • PERIPHERY → SPINAL CORD → BRAINSTEM → THALAMUS → CORTEX
  • may be crossed or uncrossed
    • in ant. white commissure (post. to ant. median fissure)
  • axons of a lower segmental origin lie more superficial
    • “Somatotopy”, Kahler’s law
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33
Q

11.2 Spinal cord - White matter - Ascending tracts

A

Antero-lateral funiculus

  1. Ant. + lat. spinothalamic tract
  2. Ant. + post. spinocerebellar tract

​Posterior funiculus

  1. fasciculus gracilis (medial)
  2. fasciculus cuneatus (lateral)
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34
Q

11.3 Spinal cord - White matter - Descending tracts

A
  • CORTEX → BRAINSTEM → SPINAL CORD → PERIPHERY
  • found more in the “anterior part” of the spinal segment
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35
Q

11.4 Spinal cord - White matter - Descending tracts

A

Anterior funiculus

  1. Ant. corticospinal tract
  2. Olivospinal tract
  3. Vestibulospinal tract
  4. Reticulospinal tract

Lateral funiculus

  1. Lat. corticospinal tract
  2. Rubrospinal tract
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36
Q
  1. Spinal cord - Grey matter - Structure
A
  • forms H-shape within white matter
    • anterior column
      • ant. horn
      • mainly motor neurons
        • alpha- + gamma-motor neurons
    • lateral column
      • lat. horn
      • mainly autonomic neurons
        • sympathetic + parasympathetic ganglia
    • posterior column
      • post. horn
      • mainly sensory neurons
        • substantia gelatinosa
        • nucleus dorsalis
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37
Q

12.1 Spinal cord - Grey matter - Rexed laminae

A
  • separates neurons from each other
  • 10 layers to organize grey matter
  • discovered by Bror Rexed in 1950s
  • there are several motor neuron groups (lamina IX)
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38
Q

12.2 Spinal cord - Grey matter - Nuclei

A
  1. Intermedio•lateral nucleus (lamina VII)
  2. Intermedio•medial nucleus (lamina VII)
  3. contains interneurons
  4. Dorsal-/Clarke nucleus (lamina VII)
  5. Nucleus proprius (laminae III, IV)
  6. Substantia gelatinosa (lamina II)
  7. Marginal nucleus (lamina I)
  8. Motor neurons (laminae IX)
  9. alpha neurons: extrafusal muscles (striated)
  10. gamma neurons: intrafusal
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39
Q

12.2 Spinal cord - Grey matter - Transmitters

A
  • Glutamate
  • Glycine
  • ACh
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40
Q
  1. Brainstem - General information
A
  • consists of:
    • medulla
    • pons
    • midbrain
  • can be seen only when brain is removed
    • covered by cerebral hemispheres!
  • extends from:
    • inferior: pyramidal decussation to
    • superior: posterior comissure
      • two white nerve crossings
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41
Q

13.1 Medulla Oblongata/Myelencephalon - Structure

A
  • most inferior part of brainstem
    • pyramidal decussation to inf. pontine sulcus
  • anterior parts are called “pyramids”
    • contain motor fibers: “pyramidal tracts”
  • contains autonomic centers regulating:
    • respiration, circulation, GI motility
  • gives rise to CN 9-12
  • connected to the cerebellum by the inf. cerebellar peduncle
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42
Q

13.2 Medulla Oblongata/Myelencephalon - Proper Nuclei

A
  • Nucleus gracilis + -cuneatus
    • ​contain 2nd order neurons of the medial lemniscus tract (dorsal column)
    • gives rise to internal arcuate fibres
  • Accessory cuneate nucleus
    • contains 2nd order neurons of the cuneocerebellar tract
    • projects to cerebellum (via inf. cerebellar peduncle)
  • Inferior olivary nucleus
    • ​olivo•cerebellar fibres → cerebellum
    • subdivided:
      • medial- + lateral accessory olivary nucleus
  • Arcuate nucleus
    • ​on ventral surface of the pyramids
43
Q

13.3 Medulla Oblongata/Myelencephalon - Cranial Nerve Nuclei

A

Motor

  • Nucleus ambiguus (IX, X, XI)
  • Accessory nucleus (XI)
  • Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)

Sensory

  • Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (V)
    • replaces substantia gelatinosa
  • Nucleus of solitary tracts (VII, IX, X)
  • Lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiter’s nucleus)
  • Ventral- + dorsal cochlear nucleus

Autonomic

  • Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (X)
44
Q

13.4 Medulla Oblongata/Myelencephalon - Tracts

A

Ascending

  • Dorsal column tract
    • gracile + cuneate tracts
  • Spinothalamic tract
  • Spinal trigeminal tract
    • mediates pain, temp., touch from face
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Dorsal + Ventral spinocerebellar tract
  • Medial longitudinal fascilus (MLF)

Descending

  • Pyramidal tracts
45
Q
  1. Pons
A

Consists of:

  • Base
    • Corticobulbar tract
    • Corticospinal tract
    • Corticopontine tract
  • Tegmentum (roof)
    • cranial nerve nuclei
    • reticular nuclei
    • major ascending sensory pathways
  • connected to cerebellum
    • via middle cerebellar peduncle
  • gives rise to CN 5-8
46
Q

14.1 Pons - Nuclei - Cranial nuclei

A

Motor nuclei

  • Trigeminal ncl.
  • Abducent ncl.
  • Facial ncl.

Sensory nuclei

  • Pontine ncl.
  • Solitary ncl.
  • Vestibulo-cochlear ncl.
47
Q

14.1.1 Pons - Nuclei II

A
  • superior olivary complex
  • nucleus of trapezoid body
  • locus coeruleus
  • nuclei pontis
48
Q

14.2 Pons - Tracts

A
  • Spinothalamic tract
  • Med. + lat. lemniscus
  • Central tegmental tract
  • Med. + dorsal longitudinal tract
  • Cortico•spinal tract
  • Cortico•bulbar tract
  • Cortico•pontine tract
  • Ponto•cerebellar tract
  • Spinal trigeminal tract
  • Solitary tract
  • Trigeminal lemniscus
49
Q
  1. Midbrain - Anatomy
A
  • Most superior part of brainstem
  • processes visual + auditory dara
  • maintains consciousness
50
Q

15.1 Midbrain - Cranial nuclei

A

Motor nuclei

  • Occulomotor ncl.
  • Trochlear ncl.

Parasympathetic nuclei

  • Edinger-Westphal ncl.

Other nuclei

  • red nucleus
51
Q

15.2 Midbrain - Tracts

A
  • Medial + trigeminal lemniscus
  • spino•thalamic tract
  • Medial + dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
  • Central tegmental tract
  • Rubro•spinal tract
  • Tecto•spinal tract
  • Cortico•bulbar tract
  • Cortico•spinal tract
  • Fronto•pontine tract
  • Temporo•pontine tract
  • Occipito•pontine tract
  • Parieto•pontine tract
52
Q
  1. Cerebellum
A
  • lies in posterior cranial fossa
    • between
      • occipital lobes
      • temporal lobes
      • brainstem
  • 2 hemispheres divided by midline: vermis
    • ​3 lobes
      • anterior, posterior
      • flocculonodular lobe (small)
  • consists of:
    • gray matter: cerebellar cortex
    • white matter: medullary body + arbor vitae
  • connected to brain stem via peduncles
    • superior-, middle-, inferior
53
Q

16.1 Cerebellum - Histology

A

→ 3 main layers

  1. Stratum moleculare
    • outermost layer
    • underlies pia mater
    • climbing fibers from inferior olivary ncl.
  2. Stratum ganglionare​
    • purkinje cells!
    • connective layer between molecular- and granule cell layer
  3. Stratum granulosum
    • ​​innermost layer
    • overlies cerebellar white matter
54
Q

16.2 Cerebellum - Connections

A

→ cerebellum is connected to other structures via peduncles

  • 6 in total, 3 on either side
  • collections of nerve fibers
  1. superior cerebellar peduncle
    • carries information to midbrain
  2. middle cerebellar peduncle
    • carries information from cortex
  3. inferior cerebellar peduncle
    • receives proprioception
55
Q

16.3 Cerebellum - Movements

A

→ cerebellum receives proprioception via inf. peduncle

Functions in movement regulation:

  1. maintenance of posture and balance
    • in flucculonodular lobe + vermis
  2. maintenance of muscle tone
    • in anterior lobe
  3. coordination of voluntary motor activity
    • in posterior lobe
56
Q
  1. Hypothalamus
A
  • part of diencephalon
  • controlls
    • emotion (part of limbic system)
    • autonomic functions
    • hormone production
  • sits under thalamus (hence the name)
    • above brainstem
57
Q

17.1 Hypothalamus - Nuclei

A
  1. Lateral hypothalamic area
    • lateral preoptic
    • lateral hypothalamic
  2. Medial hypothalamic area
    • medial preoptic
    • paraventricular
    • supraoptic
    • ant. + post. hypothalamic
    • suprachiasmatic
    • dorso- + ventromedial
    • arcuate
    • mammillary body
58
Q

17.2 Hypothalamus - Connections

A
  • highly interconnected with other parts of the central nervous system:
    • brainstem
      • ​solitary tract
      • ventrolateral medulla
    • limbic system
      • ​amygdala
    • autonomous NS
  • mostly nerve fibres run bidirectional
59
Q
  1. Thalamus
A
  • large, oval mass
  • relay and process sensory information
  • contains closely-packed nuclei
    • can be divided into:
      1. relay nuclei
      2. association nuclei
      3. non-specific nuclei
60
Q

18.1 Thalamus - Nuclei

A
  1. Anterior nucleus
    • connects to limbic system
  2. Medial nuclei
    • Mediodorsal nucleus
    • Intralaminar nuclei
  3. Lateral nuclei
    • lateral dorsal- + posterior nucleus
    • ventral nuclei
    • lateral- + medial geniculate body
  4. Reticular nucleus
    • surrounds thalamus
61
Q

18.2 Thalamus - Connections

A
  • connected to the hippocampus via mammillo-thalamic tract
    • passes mammilary body and fornix
  • connected to cerebral cortex via the thalamo•cortical radiations
  • receives sensory information via spinothalamic tract
    • lateral spinothalamic tract
      • transmits pain + temperature
    • anterior spinothalamic tract
      • transmits crude touch + pressure.
62
Q
  1. Basal ganglia - Anatomy
A
  • group of nuclei in diencephalon working together:
    1. Caudate nucleus
    2. Lentiform nucleus
    3. Putamen
      • GLOBUS PALLIDUS
        • internal part
        • external part
    4. Amygdala
63
Q

19.1 Basal ganglia - Functions

A
  • voluntary motor control
  • learning behaviours/habits
  • eye movements
  • emotional functions
64
Q
  1. Gyri and sulci of neocortical lobes
A
  • neocortex is divided into lobes and gyri by sulci!
  • Lobes:
    • frontal-
    • parietal-
    • occipital-
    • temporal-
    • insula
  • Sulci:
    • Central-
    • Lateral-
    • Parieto-occipital-
65
Q

20.1 Gyri and sulci of neocortical lobes - Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe

A

​Frontal lobe - ASSOCIATION, BEHAVIOUR

  • precentral gyrus
  • sup. + mid. + inf. frontal gyrus
  • olfactory sulcus
  • straight gyrus
  • orbital gyri

Parietal lobe - SENSORY INF. LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

  • postcentral lobe
  • sup. + inf. parietal lobe
66
Q

20.2 Gyri and sulci of neocortical lobes - Occipital lobe + Temporal lobe + Insula

A

Occipital lobe - VISION

  • Cuneus
  • Lingual gyrus

Temporal lobe - HEARING

  • sup. + mid. + inf. temporal gyrus
  • Fusiform gyri
  • Parahippocampal gyrus

Insula

  • deals with taste + pain
67
Q

20.3 Gyri and sulci of neocortical lobes - Blood supply

A
  • arises on inside of brain
  • branches further as it proceeds in the gyri
  • Derives from cerebral artery
    • Ant. cerebral artery (from internal carotid art.)
    • Mid. cerebral artery (from internal carotid art.)
    • Post. cerebral artery (from basilar art.)
68
Q

20.4 Brodmann areas

A

→ neocortex is divided into 47 Brodmann areas

→ by Brodmann (german anatomist) in 1909

Most important:

  • 1 - 3: Somatosensory cortex
  • 4: Primary motor cortex
  • 6: Premotor cortex
  • 17: Visual cortex
  • 21,22,42: Wernicke’s area (speech)
  • 41: Auditory cortex
  • 43: Taste cortex
  • 44/45: Broca’s area (speech)
69
Q
  1. White matter of the hemispheres - Commissural connections
A

→ connect identical cortical areas between the 2 hemispheres!

  • Corpus callosum
  • ant. + post. commissure
  • intherthalamic adhesion
  • hippocampal commissure
70
Q

21.1 White matter of the hemispheres - Association fiber system

A

→ connect cortical areas in the same hemispheres

  • Sup. + inf. longitudinal fascicle
    • Frontal-/Temporal lobe ⇔ Occipital lobe
  • Uncinate fascicle
    • Frontal lobe ⇔ Temporal lobe
  • Cerebral arcuate fascicle
    • Temporal lobe ⇔ Parietal lobe
  • Cingulum
71
Q
  1. 2 White matter of the hemispheres - Centrum semiovale
A
  • on surface of cerebrum, has slightly oval shape
  • found underneath grey matter
  • contains:
    • projection fibers
    • association fibers
    • cortical fibers
72
Q

21.3 White matter of the hemispheres - Internal capsule

A
  • area in the white matter seperating
    • Caudate nucleus
    • Thalamus
    • Lentiform nucleus
  • results in 3 divisions:
    • ant. + post. limb
    • genu
73
Q
  1. Limbic system - Anatomy
A

→ plays a role in feeling, feeding, fighting, fleeing and mating

→ expressed through hypothalamus via ANS

9 Parts:

  1. Orbitofrontal cortex (smell)
  2. Mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus (memory)
  3. Anterior nucleus of thalamus
  4. Septal area w/ septal nuclei
  5. Limbic lobe
  6. Hippocampal formation
  7. Amygdala
  8. Hypothalamus
  9. Limbic midbrain nuclei
74
Q

22.1 Circuit of Papez

A

→ circular pathway connecting major limbic structures

  1. Hippocampus
  2. Fornix
  3. Mamillary body
  4. Mamillo•thalamic tract
  5. Ant. nucleus of thalamus
  6. Cingulare gyrus
  7. Parahippocampal gyrus
  8. Entorhinal cortex
75
Q
  1. Motor Pathways - Corticospinal tract + Corticobulbar tracts - Anatomy
A

→ concerned with motor activities

  • origin of cells: vertebral cortex or brainstem

Corticospinal tract

  • connects cerebral cortex ⇒ spinal motor neurons
  • controls movements of thorax, UL + LL
  • come from BA 6 + 4
  • fibers collect in post. limb of internal capsule (white matter of brain)
  • divides into ant. + lat. corticospinal tract

Corticobulbar tract

  • connects cerebral cortex ⇒ brainstem
  • fibers collect in geno of internal capsule
76
Q
  1. Spinothalamic tract - Anterior
A
  • → sensory system for protopathic sensation
    • heat, cold, pain
  • 2 Parts:
    1. Anterior spinothalamic tract
      • mediates pressure + crude touch
      • receives info from Merkel discs
      1. order neuron: dorsal root ganglion
      2. order neuron: nucleus proprius
        • decussation in ventral white commissure
      3. order neuron: VPL nucleus of thalamus
        • → postcentral gyrus (BA 3, 1, 2)
77
Q

24.1 Spinothalamic tract - Lateral

A

Lateral spino•thalamic tract

  • itch, pain, temperature + proprioception
  • receives info from nerve endings + thermal receptors
  1. order neuron: dorsal root ganglion
  2. order neuron: dorsal horn nucleus (substantia gelatinosa)
    • decussation in ventral white commissure
  3. order neuron: ventral posterolateral nucleus in thalamus
    • → postcentral gyrus (BA 3, 1, 2)
78
Q

24.2 Neuroanatomy of pain

A
  • Classification:
    1. somatic pain
      • superficial: skin
      • deep: muscle, bone, joint
    2. visceral pain
      • from viscera
  • nociceptors conduct the pain from periphery to brain via
    • lateral spino•thalamic tract
    • ventral trigemino•thalamic tract
79
Q
  1. Ascending tracts of the spinal cord’s dorsal column
A

→ responsible for epicritic sensation

  • touch, vibration, pressure
  • joint position, movment

Classification:

  • Cuneate tract
    • ​​epiritic sensation from trunk + UL
    1. order neuron: Dorsal root ganglion
    2. order neuron: cuneate nucleus in medulla
      • decussates at medial lemniscus
    3. order neuron: VPL (ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus)
      • → postcentral gyrus (BA 3,1,2)
  • Gracile tract
    • ​epicritic sensation from LL
    1. order neuron: Dorsal root ganglion
    2. order neuron: gracile nucleus in medulla
      • decussates at medial lemniscus
    3. order neuron: VPL (ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus)
      • → postcentral gyrus (BA 3,1,2)
80
Q

25.1 Medial lemniscus

A
  • large ascending bundle of heavily myelinated axons which decussate in the medulla of brain stem
  • formed by: the crossings of internal arcuate fibers from axons of:
    • nucleus gracilis
    • nucleus cuneatus.
81
Q
  1. Brain stem nuclei - Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
A

Nuclei

  1. ​Somatomotor neuron
    • in motor ncl. of Oculomotor nerve
      • to superior orbital fissure
  2. Parasympathetic neuron
    • ​​in Edinger-Westphal ncl. in midbrain
      • innervated papillary sphincter and ciliary m.

Peripheral branches:

  • sup. + inf. branches of oculomotor nerve
82
Q

26.1 Brain stem nuclei - Trochlear nerve (CN IV), Abducent nerve (CN VI)

A

Trochlear nerve, CN IV

  • somatomotor neuron
    • in motor ncl. of trochlear nerve
    • to sup. orbital fissure
    • innervation: sup. oblique m.

Abducent nerve, CN VI

  • somatomotor neuron
    • in motor ncl. of abducent nerve
    • to sup. orbital fissure
    • innervation: lat. rectus m.
83
Q
  1. Brain stem nuclei - Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
A

Motor nucleus of CN V

  • through trigeminal ganglion (Gasser’s) → branches
  • innervates:
    • masticatory m.
    • tensor tympani m.
    • tensor veli palatini m.
    • mylohyoid m.

Sensory nucleus of CN V

  1. ​​Mesencephalic nucleus (proprioception)
  2. Principle nucleus (epicritic)
  3. Spinal nucleus (protopathic)
84
Q

27.1 Brain stem nuclei - Trigeminal nerve - peripheral branches

A

Ophtalmic nerve (V1)

  • lacrimal n.
  • frontal n.
  • nasociliary n.

Maxillary nerve (V2)

  • infraorbital n.
  • zygomatic n.
  • sphenopalatine n.
  • greater palatine n.

Mandibular nerve (V3)

  • masticatory n.
  • inf. alveolar n.
  • lingual n. (→ submandibular ggl.)
85
Q
  1. Brain stem nuclei - Facial nerve
A

Motor neuron:

  • in motor nucleus of facial n.
    • runs through facial canal!

Sensory neuron:

  • in solitary nucleus
  • spinal nucleus of CN V
  • innervates ant. 2/3 of tongue

Parasympathetic neuron:

  • in sup. salivatory nucleus in pons
86
Q

28.1 Brain stem nuclei - Facial nerve - Peripheral branches

A
  • greater petrosal n. (!) foramen lacerum
    • pterygopalatine ggl. → lacrimal gland
  • chorda tympani (!)
    • submandibular ggl. → submandibular- + sublingual gland
  • post. auricular n.

Motor innervation of facial expression muscles:

  • temporal br.
  • zygomatic br.
  • buccal br.
  • mandibular br.
  • cervical br.
87
Q
  1. Brain stem nuclei - Glossopharyngeal nerve
A

Nuclei:

Motor neuron:

  • in nucleus ambiguus
  • innervates: stylopharyngeus m.

Sensory neuron:

  • in solitary nucleus + spinal nucleus of CN V
  • innervates: tonsil, pharynx, middle ear, tongue

Parasympathetic neuron:

  • in inf. salivatory ncl. in medulla
  • innervates parotid gland
88
Q

29.1 Brain stem nuclei - Glossopharyngeal nerve - Peripheral branches

A
  • Tympanic n.
  • lesser petrosal n.
    • parotid gland
89
Q

29.2 Brain stem nuclei - Vagus nerve (CN X)

A

Motor neuron:

  • in ncl. ambiguus
  • nodose ganglion → pharyngeal plexus
  • innervates muscles of the neck region

Sensory neuron:

  • in solitary nucleus + spinal nucleus of CN V
  • innervates: epiglottis

Parasympathetic neuron:

  • in dorsal vagal nucleus
  • innervates: respiratory organs, heart, GI tract (until left colic flexure)
90
Q

29.3 Brain stem nuclei - Vagus nerve (CN X) - Peripheral branches

A
  1. Meningeal br.
  2. Auricular n.
    • comes out at tympanomastoid fissure
  3. Pharyngeal n.
    • → Pharyngeal plexus → Salpingopharyngeus m + palatine muscles
  4. Sup. laryngeal n.
  5. Recurrent laryngeal n.
  6. Cardiac br.
  7. Pulmonary + Esophageal plexus
91
Q

29.3 Brain stem nuclei - Accessory nerve (CN XI) + Hypoglossal nerve

A

Accessory nerve - motor neuron

  • in nucleus ambiguus + spinal accessory ncl.
  • comes through jugular foramen
  • innervates: trapezius m.

Hypoglossal nerve - motor neuron

  • in motor nucleus of hypoglossal n.
  • → hypoglossal canal
  • innervates. tongue- + hyoid muscles

Peripheral branch:

  • Ansa cervicalis
    • part of cervical plexus
    • from C1-C3 + hypoglossal nerve
92
Q
  1. Anatomy of the eye, external fibrous coat
A

External fibrous coat

  1. Cornea
    • transparent
    • avascular
    • bulged like watch glass
  2. Sclera
    • “white part of the eye”
    • vascular
93
Q

30.1 Histology of the eye, external fibrous coat

A

Layers:

  1. Cornea
    1. Corneal epithelium
    2. Bowman’s epithelium
    3. Descemet’s membrane
    4. Corneal endothelium
  2. Sclera
    1. ​Lamina fusca sclerae
    2. Scleral stroma
    3. Episcleral layer
94
Q

30.2 Anatomy of the eye, vascular coat

A
  • highly vascular coat
  • Parts:
    1. Choroid
    2. Ciliary body - for accomodation
      1. Orbiculus ciliaris
      2. Corona ciliaris
    3. Iris
      1. ​Pupil
      2. Pupillary margin
      3. Cilliary margin
95
Q

30.3 Anatomy of the eye, refractive media

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Lens of the exe
    • biconvex shape
    • Capsule
    • ant. + post. surface
  3. Aqueous humour
  4. Vitreous body
    • 98% water
96
Q

30.4 Cornea reflex

A

*

97
Q

X. Muscles of facial expression

A

→ innervation: facial nerve

  • Corrugator supercilii
  • Orbicularis oculi (orbital part, palpebral part)
  • Procerus
  • Nasalis
  • Depressor septi
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Levator anguli oris
  • Levator labii superioris
  • Levator labii superioris alequae nasi
  • Zygomaticus major
  • Zygomaticus minor
  • Depressor labii inferioris
  • Depressor anguli oris
  • Risorius
  • Buccinator
  • Mentalis
  • Auricularis ant., sup., post.
98
Q

X. Superficial muscles of the neck

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid m.
    • manubrium + clavicle ⇔ mastoid process
    • innervation: accessory nerve
  2. Trapezius m.
    • occipital bone + spinous processes ⇔ clavicle, acromion, scapular spine
    • innervation: accessory nerve
  • make up posterior muscular triangle
    • Supra- and infrahyoid!
99
Q

X. Muscle triangles

A
  • Submandibular (digastric) triangle
  • Submental triangle
  • Carotid triangle
  • Omotrapezoid triangle
  • Omoclavicular triangle
100
Q

X. Deep muscles of the neck

A

→ innervation: cervical + brachial plexus

  • Rectus capitis ant.
  • longus capitis
  • Scalenus
    • ant. + med. + post.
101
Q

X. Suboccipital muscles

A
  • Rectus capitis posterior major + minor
  • Obliquus capitis superior + inferior

→ border suboccipital triangle

  • vertebral art.
  • cervical plexus
102
Q

X. Deep axial muscles

A

→ innervation: cervical plexus

  • Splenius capitis + cervicis
  • Longissumus capitis + cervicis
  • Semispinalis capitis
103
Q

X. Muscles of mastication

A

→ innervation: mandibular branch of trigeminal n.

  • Masseter: elevates mandible
  • Temporalis: elevate and retract mandible
  • Lateral pterygoid: pulls neck of mandible forward
  • Medial pterygoid: elevates mandible

Anatomy 3. Semester (1 decks)

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