Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Microglia
A
- immune cells of CNS
- impt for phagocytosis and inflammation
2
Q
Schwann cells
A
provide myelination for PNS
3
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
provide myelination for CNS
4
Q
Astrocytes
A
- types: fibrous (white matter), protoplasmic (gray matter), radial
- angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, maintenance of BBB
- metabolite exchange, ion maintenance
- has perivascular and perineural feet
5
Q
Satellite cells
A
- function as astrocytes in ANS
- neural crest origin
6
Q
Polydendrocytes
A
stem cells of brain
7
Q
Ependymal cells
A
- line the central canal
- columnar to cuboidal epithelium
- free exchange of fluid
- basal side contacts astrocytes
8
Q
Node of Ranvier
A
- where 2 Schwann cells meet
- where APs are regenerated in order to propagate
9
Q
Initial Segment
A
- initial part of the axon before myelinated part
- where AP is INITIATED
10
Q
Are synapses myelinated?
A
no
11
Q
Internode
A
- between nodes of Ranvier
- lined by Schwann cells
12
Q
Components of Schwann cells
A
- nucleus in outer cytoplasmic belt
- terminal cytoplasmic spiral
- transverse and longitudinal Scmidt Lanterman incisures
13
Q
Myelination in CNS vs PNS
A
- CNS has oligos that form many internodes
- PNS has Schwann cells that only form 1 internode each
- oligos have longer processes
14
Q
Components of BBB
A
endothelium and astrocytes
15
Q
Major segments of brain
A
telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon rhombencephalon
16
Q
Components of brainstem
A
midbrain
pons
medulla
cerebellum
17
Q
Where does the spinal cord end?
A
T12-L1
18
Q
Direction of transmission of spinal cord dorsal and ventral roots
A
dorsal root - afferent
ventral root - efferent
19
Q
Important motor pathway to the periphery
A
corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
20
Q
Pain and temperature from the periphery
A
spinothalamic tract
21
Q
Position sense pathway
A
Dorsal (posterior) column - has pseudounipolar neurons
22
Q
Where is the autonomic nervous system regulated?
A
Hypothalamus and thalamus
23
Q
Sympathetic spinal segments
A
T1-L2
24
Q
Parasympathetic spinal segments and location
A
S2-S4 and Brainstem CN III, VII, IX, X
25
What passes through optic canal?
Optic Nerve (CNII)
26
What passes through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III
CN IV
CN VI
CN V1
27
What hole in the skull does the spinal cord connect to the brainstem?
Posterior fossa
28
Layers of meninges (innermost to outermost)
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
29
What forms the superior sagital sinus and the lateral sinuses?
Separation of the 2 layers of the dura mater (the dura layer and the periosteal layer)
30
What creates the BBB?
Tight junctions between the capillary endothelial cells
31
Circumventricular organs (lack a BBB)
```
OVLT
median eminence
post pit
pineal gland
subfornical organ
area postrema
```
32
Nucleus
a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
33
Ganglion
a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
34
Where is gray matter in the brain located?
surface of forebrain and cerebellum
35
separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
central sulcus
36
separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
lateral fissure
37
location of the primary motor areas
precentral gyrus
38
Functions of the parietal lobe
- primary somatosensory (postcentral gyrus)
- motor aspects of language (Wiernecke's area)
- self perception
39
Main function of occipital lobe
- primary visual processing
| - primary visual area is on the medial surface (calcarine sulcus)
40
Main function of temporal lobe
- processing auditory info
| - superior temporal gyrus is where we interpret
41
Limbic lobe
- in the middle of all 4 lobes
| - made of parahippocampal and cingulate gyri
42
Basal ganglia
- a deep structure that includes the caudate (putamen and globes pallidus) and lenticular nuclei
- role in the initiation and control of voluntary movements
43
Limbic structures
- amygdala and hippocampus
| - drive-related and emotional behaviors, learning and memory
44
Corpus callosum
- largest set of commisural fibers that connects the two hemispheres
- white matter
45
Corona radiata
- largest set of projection fibers that transmits info to and from the cortex
- white matter
46
Thalamus
- processing station for all sensory info on its way to the cortex (except olfactory)
- role in motor processing
47
Diencephalon
- paired structures that are on either side o 3rd ventricle
| - includes thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus
48
Hypothalamus
- structurally part of diencephalon but functionally part of limbic system
- roles include endocrine, autonomic, homeostatic
49
brainstem
- CNS caudal to the diencephalon
| - includes midbrain and hindbrain
50
reticular formation nuclei
- part of brainstem
| - involved in integrative function
51
Superior colliculi
- part of most rostral part of brainstem
| - involved in visual reflexes
52
Inferior Colliculi
- most rostral part of brainstem
| - involved in auditory integration
53
Components of the hindbrain
pons and medulla
54
Connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
55
Choroid plexus
- where CSF is made
| - 3 layers: fenestrated epithelium, pial layer, ependymal layer
56
Major diff between serum and CSF
serum has much more protein
57
What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?
the EXTERNAL carotid
58
Where do cerebral arteries and veins run?
subarachnoid space (between arachnoid mater and pia mater which are not connected tightly to leave space)
59
CSF can leave the ventricular system through:
- the two lateral foramina in the medulla
- foramina of Lushke
- medial foramen of Magendie
60
Where is CSF mainly made?
lateral and 4th ventricles
61
Where does reabsorption of CSF occur?
through arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus
62
Do the lateral ventricles connect?
no - separated by the septum pellucid
| but both connect to 3rd ventricle by foramen of monroe
63
What goes through optic canal?
CN II
64
What goes through superior orbital fissure?
CN 1, 3, 4, 5, 6
65
What goes through foramen oval?
CN 3, 5
66
What goes through foramen spinosum?
Middle Meningeal artery
67
What goes through carotid foramen?
Internal carotid artery
68
What goes through IAM and stylomastoid for amen?
CN 7
69
What goes through jugular foramen?
CN 9, 10, 11
