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VAP III > "Neuroanatomy" 3: Muscles of the back and neck > Flashcards

"Neuroanatomy" 3: Muscles of the back and neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the large dorsal ligament that supports the weight of the head?

A

Nuchal ligament

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2
Q

Where does the nuchal ligament have its origin in the dog, horse, and ruminant?

A

Nuchal ligament origin

  • Dog: Caudal aspect of C2 (axis)
  • Horse, ruminant: Occiput (nuchal crest)
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3
Q

In what common species is the nuchal ligament absent?

A

Cat, pig

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4
Q

What ligament forms the caudal continuation of the nuchal ligament?

A

supraspinous ligament

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5
Q

What are the names of the two parts of the nuchal ligament?

A

Funicular part, lamellar part

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6
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the funicular part of the nuchal ligament in the dog?

A

Funicular part of the nuchal ligament in the dog (paired)

  • Origin: Caudal aspect of C2 (axis)
  • Inserion: Spinous process of 1st thoracic vertebra
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7
Q

Where does the lamellar part of the nuchal ligament extend in horses and cattle?

A

From funicular part in a sheet-like manner to C2-C7 (horse) and C2-C4 (cattle)

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8
Q

The superficial layer of the thoracic muscle group is innervated by which nerve(s)?

A

Innervated by ventral branches of the spinal nerves

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9
Q

The deep layer of the thoracic muscle group is innervated by which nerve(s)?

A

Innervated by dorsal branches of the spinal nerves

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10
Q

As a group, what is the term for the muscles that are found dorsal to the transverse process?

A

Epaxial

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11
Q

As a group, what is the term for the muscles that are found ventral to the transverse process?

A

hypaxial

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12
Q

What are the three main groups of the epaxial muscles (four in the horse)?

A

Lateral

  • Iliocostalis System
    • Thoracic and lumbar parts
  • Longissimus System
    • Cervical, thoracic and lumbar parts

Medial (blended in the dog so one group, distinct in horses)

  • Spinalis System
    • Between spinous process
  • Transversospinalis System
    • From spinous process to the transverse process of adjacent vertebrae

= Erector spinae muscles

  • carnivores
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13
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of Iliocostalis lumborum?

To what muscle system does it belong?

A

Origin: Wing of ilium, iliac crest, intermuscular septa

Insertion: Ribs 13-10 (caudal border)

Action: Unilaterally = lateral flexion of vertebral column; Bilaterally = fixation of vertebral column (as a unit in the system)

Group: Iliocostalis System

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14
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of Iliocostalis thoracis?

To what muscle system does it belong?

A

Origin: Ribs 12-2 (cranial border)

Insertion: Transverse process of C7

Action: Unilaterally = lateral flexion of vertebral column; Bilaterally = fixation of vertebral column (as a unit in the system)

Group: Iliocostalis System

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15
Q

What is the other name for longissimus lumborum et thoracis?

A

Longissimus lumborum et thoracis = Longissimus dorsi

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16
Q

What is the origin and fibre direction of longissimus lumborum et thoracis (longissimus dorsi)?

A

Origin: Iliac crest, ventral surface of ilium, via aponeurosis from the supraspinous ligament and lateral to the spinous processes of lumbar and thoracic vertebrae

Fibre direction: Fibres run craniolaterally

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17
Q

What is the insertion of longissimus lumborum et thoracis (longissimus dorsi)?

A

Longissimus lumborum et thoracis insertion:

  • Thoracic vertebrae
    • Accessory processes of T13 –T6
    • Caudal ends of transverse processes of T5-T1
  • Ribs
    • 13 – 6 medial to iliocostalis
    • 5 –1 costal tubercles
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18
Q

What is the action of longissimus lumborum et thoracis?

A

extension of the vertebral column

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19
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of Longissimus cervicis? To what system does it belong?

A

Longissimus cervicis

Origin: transverse processes of the first 5 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T5) - cranial continuity of thoracic part

Insertion: Transverse processes C7-C4

Action: Bilaterally = Extension of the neck; Unilaterally = turns head and raises neck obliquely

System: Longissimus System

20
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of longissimus capitis? To what system does it belong?

A

Longissimus capitis

Origin: T3-T1

Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone - medial to longissimus cervicis

Action: Bilaterally = Extension of atlanto-occiptialjoint; fixation of this joint; Unilaterally = rotation of the atlantoaxialjoint

System: Longissimus System

21
Q

What two muscles make up the spinalis system within the medial system?

A

Spinalis thoracis & spinalis cervicis

22
Q

What muscles make up the transversospinalis system within the medial system?

A
  • Semispinalis thoracis
  • Semispinalis capitis (biventer; complexus)
  • Multifidus lumborumet thoracis, cervicis (+ Sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis)
  • Rotatores longi et breves

This system includes the spinalis system in the dog as they are difficult to differentiate

23
Q

What muscles make up the interspinalis system within the medial system?

A
  • Interspinales lumborum, thoracis, cervicis
  • Intertransversariicaudalis, lumborumet thoracis, cervicis
24
Q

*What is the Latin term for the combination of the spinalis cervicis, spinalis thoracis, and semispinalis combined musculature in the carnivore model (e.g. dog)?

A

Spinalis et Semispinalis thoracis et cervicis

25
Q

What is the origin and insertion of semispinalis thoracis?

A

Semispinalis thoracis

Origin: Deep fascia of longissimus thoracis, mamillary processes of thoracic vertebrae; spinous process of thoracic vertebrae T11-T7

Insertion: Spinous processes of T6-C6

26
Q

What is the origin and insertion of spinalis thoracis? In carnivores, this muscle is closely related to and difficult to separate from what other muscle?

A

Spinalis thoracis

Origin: spinous processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae

Insertion: extends forward as spinalis cervicis (T1)

closely related and difficult to separate in carnivores: Semispinalis thoracis

27
Q

What is the origin and insertion of Spinalis cervicis?

A

Spinalis cervicis

Origin: Cranial border of T1

Insertion: Spinous processes of C5 to C2

28
Q

What is the origin and insertion of Semispinalis cervicis?

A

Semispinalis cervicis

Origin: continuation of semispinalis thoracis

Insertion: fused medially with spinalis cervicis

29
Q

What is the action of the combined Spinalis et Semispinalis thoracis et cervicis?

A

Spinalis et Semispinalis thoracis et cervicis

Action: Bilaterally = Fixes the vertebral column. Raise (elevate) the neck. Unilaterally = flex the back and neck

30
Q

What are the origin, insertion, action, and two parts of the Semispinalis capitis muscle?

A

Continuation of Spinalis et Semispinalis thoracis et cervicis

Origin: Spinocostotransverse fascia,transverse process of T5-C7, articular processes of C2-C7

Insertion: Occipital Bone (Nuchal ligament runs between the left and right semispinalis capitis)

Parts: Biventer cervicis (dorsal and medial) and Complexus (ventral and lateral)

Action: Bilaterally raises the head; Unilaterally flexes thehead and neck

31
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of multifidus lumborum?

A

Multifidus lumborum

Origin: Sacrum

Insertion: Spinous process vertebrae ending at T8 or T9 (divided into 11 individual portions)

Action: working as a whole, mulitifidus fixes the vertebral column

32
Q

What is the origin and insertion of multifidus thoracis? Into the tail what muscle does it extens into?

A

Multifidus thoracis

Origin: Mamillary and transverse processes of T11–T3

Insertion: Spinous process of T8 – C7

Extends into: Sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis (= coccygeus)

33
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the multifidus cervicis?

A

Multifidus cervicis

Origin: Articular process of T2

Insertion: Spinous process of axis (C2)

Action: Elevates the neck

34
Q

Where do the interspinales lumborum, thoracis et cervicis run?

A

Run between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

35
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the capitis part of the splenius muscle?

A

Splenius (capitis)

Origin: Spinocostotransverse fascia, nuchal ligament

Insertion: Occipital bone + Mastoid process (horse)

36
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the cervicis part of the splenius muscle? What animals is it absent in?

A

cervicis part of the splenius muscle

Origin: continuation of capitis

Insertion: Transverse process of C3-C5

Absent in: carnivores

37
Q

What is the action of the splenius muscle?

A

Extend and raise head and neck. Laterally flex head and neck on one side

38
Q

What are the names, origins, insertions, and action of the parts of the scalenus muscle in the dog?

A

Scalenus

  • dorsalis (superficial)
    • Origin: ribs 7-9, 3, 1
    • Insertion: transverse processes of C3-C5
  • medius (deep)
    • Origin: dorsal portion of 1st rib
    • Insertion: transverse processes of C6, C7

Action: Fixes the neck; Flexes the neck; Laterally flexes the neck on one side; Superficial part is also a muscle of inspiration

39
Q

What are the three parts of the scalenus muscle that are present in some species? Which species have all parts present, and what parts are horses and carnivores missing?

A
  1. Ventralis
  2. Medius
  3. Dorsalis

Variable between species

  • All parts present in pigs, ruminants
  • Dorsal absent in horses
  • Ventral absent in carnivore
40
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the longus colli?

A

longus colli

Origin: T6

Insertion: C1 (atlas)

Action: Flexes the neck or draws neck downwards

41
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the longus capitus?

A

Longus capitis (Lies lateral to Longus colli)

Origin: transverse processes of C6 –C2

Insertion: Base of skull

Action: Flexes atlanto-occipital joint; Draws neck downwards (bilaterally) (= flexion); and head sideways (unilaterally) (= lateral flexion)

42
Q

What are the names of the three parts of the rectus capitus muscle?

A

Rectus capitis

  1. ventralis
  2. lateralis
  3. dorsalis (three distinct parts)
43
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus capitis ventralis?

A

Rectus capitis ventralis

Origin: C1 (atlas) (ventral arch)

Insertion: Basioccipital bone of skull

44
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis lateralis muscle?

A

Rectus capitis lateralis

Origin: C1 (atlas: ventral surface of caudal half of the wing)

Insertion: paracondylarprocess of the skull

Action: Flexion at atlanto-occipital joint

45
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis dorsalis muscle? How many parts does it have?

A

rectus capitis dorsalis

Origin: C1 and C2

Insertion: medial aspect of occipital bone

Action: extension of atlanto-occipital joint

Parts: three

46
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the obliquus capitis caudalis muscle?

A

Obliquus capitis caudalis

Origin: spinous process of C2 (axis)

Insertion: border of wing of C1 (atlas)

Action: Unilaterally –rotation of C1 (atlas) (& head); Bilaterally –fixation of atlanto-axial joint.

47
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the obliquus capitis cranialis muscle?

A

obliquus capitis cranialis

Origin: ventrolateral surface and border of wing of C1 (atlas)

Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone and then onto to nuchal line

Action: Extension of atlanto-axial joint.

VAP III (11 decks)

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