Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
CNS
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
PNS
A
everything but brain and spinal cord
3
Q
afferent axons
A
sensory information; to the CNS
4
Q
efferent axons
A
motor information; away from CNS
5
Q
Gray matter (does what?)
A
integrate info
6
Q
Gray matter: group of cell body in CNS
A
nucleaus
7
Q
Gray matter: group of cell body in PNS
A
ganglion
8
Q
White matter (does what?)
A
convey info away from cell bodies
9
Q
white matter: axons in CNS
A
tract, lemniscus, column, or peduncle
10
Q
gyrus
A
ridges
11
Q
sulcus
A
grooves
12
Q
limbic cortex
A
involved with emotions and the processing of some types of memory
13
Q
insular cortex
A
responsible for visceral, autonomic, and taste functions
14
Q
lobes of cerebral hemispheres
A
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
15
Q
frontal lobe job
A
emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, goal-oriented behavior, personality, and voluntary movement
16
Q
parietal lobe job
A
sensation and spatial relationships
17
Q
occipital lobe job
A
visual processing
18
Q
temporal lobe job
A
hearing, memory, and learning
19
Q
primary sensory areas of cortex
A
primary somatosensory (3-1-2), primary auditory (41), primary visual (17), primary vestibular (40)
20
Q
primary somatosensory area
A
(3-1-2) discriminated shape, texture, or size of objects; lesion = loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception
21
Q
primary auditory area
A
(41) conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds; lesion = loss of localization of sounds
22
Q
primary visual area
A
(17) distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects; lesion = homonymous hemianopia
23
Q
primary vestibular area
A
(40) discriminated among head positions and head movements, contributes to perception of vertical; lesion = change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical
24
Q
Secondary sensory areas of cortex
A
secondary somatosensory (5,7), secondary visual (18-21), secondary auditory (22, 42)
25
Secondary somatosensory area
(5,7) sterogenosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment; lesion = asterognosis
26
Secondary visual area
(18-21) analysis of motion and color, recognition of visual objects, understanding of visual-spatial relationships, control of visual fixation; lesion = visual agnosia or optic ataxia
27
Secondary auditory area
(22,42) classification of sounds; lesion = auditory agnosia
28
Asterognosis
inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation
29
visual agnosia
inability to visually recognize objects
30
auditory agnosia
unable to differentiate and recognize sounds
31
Motor areas of cortex
primary motor (4), premotor area (6), supplementary motor (6), Broca's area (44, part of 45), inferior frontal gyrus
32
primary motor area
(4) voluntary controlled movements; lesion = paresis, loss of fine motor control, spastic dysarthria
33
dysarthria
face muscles are weak
34
premotor area
(6) control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments; lesion = apraxia
35
apraxia
the knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost
36
Ideomotor
can carry habitual tasks automatically but not when asked
37
ideational
cannot do any purposeful task
38
supplementary motor area
(6) initiation of movement, orientation of planning, bimanual and sequential movements; lesion = apraxia
39
Brocas area
(44, part of 45); motor programming of speech (left hemisphere); lesion = brocas aphasia
- Brocas/nonfluent/motor/expressive
40
Brocas aphasia
difficulty expressing oneself using language
41
inferior frontal gyrus
planning non-verbal communication (right hemisphere): lesion = difficulty producing nonverbal communication
42
Association areas of cortex
dorsolateral prefrontal, parietotemporal, ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal
43
dorsolateral prefrontal job
goal-oriented behavior, self awareness
44
parietotemporal job
sensory integration, problem solving, understanding language and special relationships
45
ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal job
emotion, motivation, personality
46
Wernickes area
- language comprehension is impaired
- Wernickes/ sensory/ receptive/ fluent
47
Neglect
can't acknowledge one half of body or environment
48
Cerebellum (little brain)
- coordination of movement and postural control
- spinocerebellum (vermis and paravermis)
- vestibulocerebellum (flucculonodular lobe)
- cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemisphere)
- cerebellar clinical disorders (unilateral)
49
spinocerebellum (vermis and paravermis) means
gross movements of limbs
50
vestibulocerebellum (flucculonodular lobe) means
equilibrium
51
cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemisphere) means
fine, distal, voluntary movements
52
cerebellar clinical disorders (unilateral)
Ataxia, Intentional tremors, Dysdiadochokinesia, Dysmetria, Dysarthria, Decomposition
53
Ataxia
uncoordinated, normal-strength, jerky, and inaccurate movements that are not due to hypertonia and contracture
54
Intentional tremors
when they are about to do a movement
55
Dysdiadochokinesia
rapid alternating movements
56
Dysmetria
inability to judge distance
57
Dysarthria
difficulty in speech
58
Decomposition
broken into different parts
59
parts of the Diencephalon
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus
60
thalamus
- relay station
- 3 functional groups: relay nuclei, association nuclei, nonspecific nuclei
61
relay nuclei
convey info from sensory systems, basal ganglia, or cerebellum to the cerebral cortex
62
Association nuclei
process emotional and some memory info or integrate different types of sensation
63
nonspecific nuclei
regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention
64
lesions of the thalamus
contralateral sensation, thalamic pain syndrome
65
hypothalamus job
regulate homeostasis
66
epithalamus job
regulate circadian rhythms (melatonin)
67
parts of the basal ganglia
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, corpus striatum, lentiform nucleus, internal capsule
68
caudate and putamen =
straitum
69
putamen and globus pallidus =
lentiform nucleus
70
input nuclei
caudate, putamen, subthalamic nuclei
71
output nuclei
substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus internus
72
basal ganglia functions: motor
initiation of movement and suppression of unwanted movements
73
basal ganglia functions: non-motor
behavior and decision making
74
goal directed behavior loop: does what
evaluating info for making decisions, planning, and choosing actions
head of caudate
75
social behavior loop: does what
recognized social cues, regulates self control, and parses out relevant from irrelevant info
head of caudate
76
emotion loop: does what
Responsible for integrating emotions and facial expression, seeking rewards, predictions when outcome is unknown, addictions
77
oculomotor loop: does what
makes decision about spatial attention and eye movements
body of caudate
78
direct motor loop: does what
Initiation of voluntary movement (go pathway)
79
indirect motor loop: does what
Suppress unwanted movement (nogo pathway)
80
brainstem sections
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
81
brainstem: basilar (anterior)
descending tracts; motor
82
brainstem: tegmentum (posterior)
sensory
83
brainstem: tectum in midbrain
includes structures involved in reflexive control of intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles and in movements of the head
84
inferior colliculi
relay auditory info from the cochlear nuclei
85
superior colliculi
receives sensory and motor info
86
reticular activating sustem
activates entire nervous system
87
cranial nerves: 1 and 2
forebrain
88
cranial nerves: 3 and 4
midbrain
89
cranial nerves: 5-8
pons
90
cranial nerves: 9-12
medulla
91
reticular formation: does what
maintain alert conscious state in the forebrain
92
CSF - meninges
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
93
dura mater (what layer?)
outer layer
94
arachnoid mater (what layer?)
middle layer
95
pia mater (what layer?)
innermost layer
96
CSF Three spaces
subdural, epidural, subarachnoid
97
subdural
between dura and arachnoid
98
epidural
between skull and dura
99
subarachnoid
between arachnoid and pia
100
CSF Flow
choroid plexuses --> lateral ventricles --> interventricular foramina --> third ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> fourth ventricle --> lateral and medial foramina --> subarachnoid space --> arachnoid ville --> venous sinuses
101
Blood Supply to brain
* internal carotid --> anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral arteries
* vertebral arteries > posterior cerebral arteries
102
what part of the brain is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery
medial frontal and parietal lobes
103
occlusion of anterior cerebral artery
personality changes w/ contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss; lower limb
104
what part of the brain is supplied by the middle cerebral artery
lateral hemisphere and parts of basal ganglia
105
occlusion of middle cerebral artery
homonymous hemianopia combined with contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss involving upper limbs and face
106
what part of the brain is supplied by posterior cerebral artery
midbrain, occipital lobe, most of thalamus
107
occlusion of posterior cerebral artery
blindness, visual agnosia, eye movement paresis, thalamic syndrome
108
dorsal horn processes
sensory info
109
ventral/anterior horn processes
motor info
110
lateral horn processes
autonomic info
111
_____ pairs of spinal nerves
31
112
cauda equina
long roots form at the termination of the cord
113
meninges of brain
dura, arachnoid, pia
114
dura mater
outer layer
115
arachnoid mater
middle layer
116
pia mater
inner layerac
117
spaces of the brain
epidural space
subdural
subarachnoid
118
