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Comp Exam Review Guide > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

everything but brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

afferent axons

A

sensory information; to the CNS

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4
Q

efferent axons

A

motor information; away from CNS

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5
Q

Gray matter (does what?)

A

integrate info

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6
Q

Gray matter: group of cell body in CNS

A

nucleaus

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7
Q

Gray matter: group of cell body in PNS

A

ganglion

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8
Q

White matter (does what?)

A

convey info away from cell bodies

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9
Q

white matter: axons in CNS

A

tract, lemniscus, column, or peduncle

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10
Q

gyrus

A

ridges

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11
Q

sulcus

A

grooves

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12
Q

limbic cortex

A

involved with emotions and the processing of some types of memory

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13
Q

insular cortex

A

responsible for visceral, autonomic, and taste functions

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14
Q

lobes of cerebral hemispheres

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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15
Q

frontal lobe job

A

emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, goal-oriented behavior, personality, and voluntary movement

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16
Q

parietal lobe job

A

sensation and spatial relationships

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17
Q

occipital lobe job

A

visual processing

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18
Q

temporal lobe job

A

hearing, memory, and learning

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19
Q

primary sensory areas of cortex

A

primary somatosensory (3-1-2), primary auditory (41), primary visual (17), primary vestibular (40)

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20
Q

primary somatosensory area

A

(3-1-2) discriminated shape, texture, or size of objects; lesion = loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception

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21
Q

primary auditory area

A

(41) conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds; lesion = loss of localization of sounds

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22
Q

primary visual area

A

(17) distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects; lesion = homonymous hemianopia

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23
Q

primary vestibular area

A

(40) discriminated among head positions and head movements, contributes to perception of vertical; lesion = change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical

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24
Q

Secondary sensory areas of cortex

A

secondary somatosensory (5,7), secondary visual (18-21), secondary auditory (22, 42)

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25
Q

Secondary somatosensory area

A

(5,7) sterogenosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment; lesion = asterognosis

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26
Q

Secondary visual area

A

(18-21) analysis of motion and color, recognition of visual objects, understanding of visual-spatial relationships, control of visual fixation; lesion = visual agnosia or optic ataxia

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27
Q

Secondary auditory area

A

(22,42) classification of sounds; lesion = auditory agnosia

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28
Q

Asterognosis

A

inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation

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29
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to visually recognize objects

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30
Q

auditory agnosia

A

unable to differentiate and recognize sounds

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31
Q

Motor areas of cortex

A

primary motor (4), premotor area (6), supplementary motor (6), Broca’s area (44, part of 45), inferior frontal gyrus

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32
Q

primary motor area

A

(4) voluntary controlled movements; lesion = paresis, loss of fine motor control, spastic dysarthria

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33
Q

dysarthria

A

face muscles are weak

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34
Q

premotor area

A

(6) control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments; lesion = apraxia

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35
Q

apraxia

A

the knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost

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36
Q

Ideomotor

A

can carry habitual tasks automatically but not when asked

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37
Q

ideational

A

cannot do any purposeful task

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38
Q

supplementary motor area

A

(6) initiation of movement, orientation of planning, bimanual and sequential movements; lesion = apraxia

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39
Q

Brocas area

A

(44, part of 45); motor programming of speech (left hemisphere); lesion = brocas aphasia
- Brocas/nonfluent/motor/expressive

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40
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

difficulty expressing oneself using language

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41
Q

inferior frontal gyrus

A

planning non-verbal communication (right hemisphere): lesion = difficulty producing nonverbal communication

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42
Q

Association areas of cortex

A

dorsolateral prefrontal, parietotemporal, ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal

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43
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal job

A

goal-oriented behavior, self awareness

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44
Q

parietotemporal job

A

sensory integration, problem solving, understanding language and special relationships

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45
Q

ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal job

A

emotion, motivation, personality

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46
Q

Wernickes area

A
  • language comprehension is impaired
  • Wernickes/ sensory/ receptive/ fluent
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47
Q

Neglect

A

can’t acknowledge one half of body or environment

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48
Q

Cerebellum (little brain)

A
  • coordination of movement and postural control
  • spinocerebellum (vermis and paravermis)
  • vestibulocerebellum (flucculonodular lobe)
  • cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemisphere)
  • cerebellar clinical disorders (unilateral)
49
Q

spinocerebellum (vermis and paravermis) means

A

gross movements of limbs

50
Q

vestibulocerebellum (flucculonodular lobe) means

A

equilibrium

51
Q

cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemisphere) means

A

fine, distal, voluntary movements

52
Q

cerebellar clinical disorders (unilateral)

A

Ataxia, Intentional tremors, Dysdiadochokinesia, Dysmetria, Dysarthria, Decomposition

53
Q

Ataxia

A

uncoordinated, normal-strength, jerky, and inaccurate movements that are not due to hypertonia and contracture

54
Q

Intentional tremors

A

when they are about to do a movement

55
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

rapid alternating movements

56
Q

Dysmetria

A

inability to judge distance

57
Q

Dysarthria

A

difficulty in speech

58
Q

Decomposition

A

broken into different parts

59
Q

parts of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

60
Q

thalamus

A
  • relay station
  • 3 functional groups: relay nuclei, association nuclei, nonspecific nuclei
61
Q

relay nuclei

A

convey info from sensory systems, basal ganglia, or cerebellum to the cerebral cortex

62
Q

Association nuclei

A

process emotional and some memory info or integrate different types of sensation

63
Q

nonspecific nuclei

A

regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention

64
Q

lesions of the thalamus

A

contralateral sensation, thalamic pain syndrome

65
Q

hypothalamus job

A

regulate homeostasis

66
Q

epithalamus job

A

regulate circadian rhythms (melatonin)

67
Q

parts of the basal ganglia

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, corpus striatum, lentiform nucleus, internal capsule

68
Q

caudate and putamen =

A

straitum

69
Q

putamen and globus pallidus =

A

lentiform nucleus

70
Q

input nuclei

A

caudate, putamen, subthalamic nuclei

71
Q

output nuclei

A

substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus internus

72
Q

basal ganglia functions: motor

A

initiation of movement and suppression of unwanted movements

73
Q

basal ganglia functions: non-motor

A

behavior and decision making

74
Q

goal directed behavior loop: does what

A

evaluating info for making decisions, planning, and choosing actions
head of caudate

75
Q

social behavior loop: does what

A

recognized social cues, regulates self control, and parses out relevant from irrelevant info
head of caudate

76
Q

emotion loop: does what

A

Responsible for integrating emotions and facial expression, seeking rewards, predictions when outcome is unknown, addictions

77
Q

oculomotor loop: does what

A

makes decision about spatial attention and eye movements
body of caudate

78
Q

direct motor loop: does what

A

Initiation of voluntary movement (go pathway)

79
Q

indirect motor loop: does what

A

Suppress unwanted movement (nogo pathway)

80
Q

brainstem sections

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

81
Q

brainstem: basilar (anterior)

A

descending tracts; motor

82
Q

brainstem: tegmentum (posterior)

A

sensory

83
Q

brainstem: tectum in midbrain

A

includes structures involved in reflexive control of intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles and in movements of the head

84
Q

inferior colliculi

A

relay auditory info from the cochlear nuclei

85
Q

superior colliculi

A

receives sensory and motor info

86
Q

reticular activating sustem

A

activates entire nervous system

87
Q

cranial nerves: 1 and 2

A

forebrain

88
Q

cranial nerves: 3 and 4

A

midbrain

89
Q

cranial nerves: 5-8

A

pons

90
Q

cranial nerves: 9-12

A

medulla

91
Q

reticular formation: does what

A

maintain alert conscious state in the forebrain

92
Q

CSF - meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

93
Q

dura mater (what layer?)

A

outer layer

94
Q

arachnoid mater (what layer?)

A

middle layer

95
Q

pia mater (what layer?)

A

innermost layer

96
Q

CSF Three spaces

A

subdural, epidural, subarachnoid

97
Q

subdural

A

between dura and arachnoid

98
Q

epidural

A

between skull and dura

99
Q

subarachnoid

A

between arachnoid and pia

100
Q

CSF Flow

A

choroid plexuses –> lateral ventricles –> interventricular foramina –> third ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> fourth ventricle –> lateral and medial foramina –> subarachnoid space –> arachnoid ville –> venous sinuses

101
Q

Blood Supply to brain

A
  • internal carotid –> anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral arteries
  • vertebral arteries > posterior cerebral arteries
102
Q

what part of the brain is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery

A

medial frontal and parietal lobes

103
Q

occlusion of anterior cerebral artery

A

personality changes w/ contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss; lower limb

104
Q

what part of the brain is supplied by the middle cerebral artery

A

lateral hemisphere and parts of basal ganglia

105
Q

occlusion of middle cerebral artery

A

homonymous hemianopia combined with contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss involving upper limbs and face

106
Q

what part of the brain is supplied by posterior cerebral artery

A

midbrain, occipital lobe, most of thalamus

107
Q

occlusion of posterior cerebral artery

A

blindness, visual agnosia, eye movement paresis, thalamic syndrome

108
Q

dorsal horn processes

A

sensory info

109
Q

ventral/anterior horn processes

A

motor info

110
Q

lateral horn processes

A

autonomic info

111
Q

_____ pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

112
Q

cauda equina

A

long roots form at the termination of the cord

113
Q

meninges of brain

A

dura, arachnoid, pia

114
Q

dura mater

A

outer layer

115
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer

116
Q

pia mater

A

inner layerac

117
Q

spaces of the brain

A

epidural space
subdural
subarachnoid

118
Q
A

Comp Exam Review Guide (14 decks)

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