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PSYC 325 > neuroanatomy > Flashcards

neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

two primary divisions of the nervous system

A

PNS and CNS

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2
Q

PNS

A

somatic (voluntary
autonomic (involuntary)
enteric (first brain evolutionary, can work independently)

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3
Q

CNS

A

spinal cord
brain (hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain)

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

afferent sensory nerves
efferent motor nerves

reflexes at level of spinal cord

sensory signals reach the brain and help to update thought and movement programs

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5
Q

afferent sensory nerves

A

enter the dorsal spinal cord (top of head)
somatosensory (touch)
input

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6
Q

efferent motor nerves

A

exit from the ventral spinal cord

motor system (movement)

output

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7
Q

gray matter

A

in center of spinal cord

has interneurons and the motor neurons that send axons to the muscles

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8
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons communicating up and down the spinal cord

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

sensory and motor functions of the viscera (internal organs, glands). several involve relay ganglia

symapathetic and parasympathetic

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10
Q

sympathetic division

A

activating

towards fight or flight or freeze

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11
Q

parasympathetic division

A

calming

towards broaden and build or rest and digest

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12
Q

medulla

A

myelencephalon

life support systems

reticular activating system (regulating breathing and HR)

cranial nerve and other nuclei (fall asleep and wake cycle)

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13
Q

pons

A

metencephalon

cranial nerve and other nuclei

buldge is many axons going to the cerebellum

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14
Q

cerebellum

A

metencephalon

half of the neurons (granular cells) int he brain

motor programs (skilled movement)

procedural memories

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15
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon

cranial nerve and other nucli

sensory and motor relays, other nuclei

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16
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus

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17
Q

thalamus

A

sensorimotor integrator

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18
Q

hypothalamus

A

neuroendlcrine integrator, communicator

motivation, emotion, basic drives

motivational drives and homeostasis

connection to the brain stem

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19
Q

telencephalon

A

limbic system - subcortical
basal ganglia
cerebral cortex (neocortex)

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20
Q

forebrain

A

majority of brain by volume
most recent part of the brain evolutionary

diencephalon and telencephalon

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21
Q

limbic system

A

mostly subcortical system
especially involved in emotion

septal nuclei
amygdala
hippocampus
hypothalamus
cingulate cortex

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22
Q

septal nuclei

A

pleasure, reward

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23
Q

amygdala

A

emotional valence
fear conditioning

pathology: toxoplasmosis gondii

anterior to main part of hippocampus

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24
Q

hippocampus

A

memory consolidation

pathology: anterograde amnesia

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25
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

can’t make new memories - but can develop motor skills

damage to hippocampus

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26
Q

cingulate cortex

A

stimulus valvation, goal tracking and self awareness

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27
Q

basal ganglia

A

subcortical system especially involved in motor function

most recently evolved part of the brin

distinct lobes

striatum
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

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28
Q

striatum

A

dorsal and ventral

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29
Q

dorsal striatum

A

caudate and putamen

used to modify the strength of a movement

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30
Q

ventral striatum

A

nucleus accumbens

reinforcements

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31
Q

globus pallidus

A

external and internal

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32
Q

substantia nigra

A

located in the midbrain
pathology: parkinson’s disease

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33
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual

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34
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory (hearing)

object recognition, semantic memory, categorical structures

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35
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory (touch)

spatial processing - how we organize space in our minds

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36
Q

frontal lobe

A

olfactory (smell)

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37
Q

insular

A

gustatory (taste)

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38
Q

mammillary body

A

in hypothalamus

39
Q

dorsal stream

A

where

channels/projects from primary visual cortex to posterior parietal cortex

information about object location and motion

40
Q

ventral stream

A

what

projects from primary visual cortex to inferotemporal cortex

information about object features and identity

ie/ identifying someone based on the sound of their voice

semantic memory

41
Q

medial temporal lobe memory system

A

squire and zola-morgan

placed the hippocampus in a central position, working with adjacent regions such as the entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal

responsible for governing long-term memories

fundamental principle was that acquiring new memories was distinct and separable from other cognitive abilities, such as perception. can still percieve things without this

most theories focus on the different types of memory and neglect underlying components that may transcend the categories such as how similarity of inputs can interfere with mnemonic processes

42
Q

representational hierarchy

A

bussey and sakisida

instead of seperating visual perception from learning and memory, this theory proposes that the complexity of neural representations differ across brain regions in the ventral stream

43
Q

place cells

A

are active when an animal is in different locations and the combination of activity in many place cells creates an internal neural map representing a particular environment

ie/ in a particular lecture hall, or seat

44
Q

grid cells

A

fire at regular intervals as an animal navigates an open area, allowing it to understand its position in space by storing and integrating information about location, distance and direction

45
Q

ribosomes

A

manufacture products, such as neurotransmitters which are secreted by the cell

46
Q

mitchochondria

A

power source for the cell

produce energy in the form of ATP, necessary for cell function and survival

47
Q

microtubules

A

provide the structural integrity for the cell, and act as a conveyor belt system to move ribosomal products and other substances within the cell

48
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

tau is a microtubule-associated protein

coded by the MAPT gene (microtubule associated protein tau)

tau’s primary role is to maintain the stability of microtubules in axons

in AD, tau aggregates inside the neurons as it tangles

49
Q

dendrites

A

input device that receives chemical and electrical signals from other neurons

50
Q

soma/cell body

A

an integrative (sum) device that combines (adds them together) messages received from multiple inputs

51
Q

axon

A

a conductive output device that sends information to other neurons, tissues, muscles and organs

52
Q

dendritic (synaptic) spines

A

a storage device that stores info about past experiences as changes in synaptic strength

53
Q

hebbian cell assemblies

A

modified ensembles of neurons that are call cell assemblies could provide a substrate for memories

sensory inputs into a distributed set of weakly connected collection of cell assemblies
- change the strength of connections among neurons in the assemblies

54
Q

hebb’s learning rule

A

cells that fire together wire together

when axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistantly takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficiency as one of the cells firing B, is increased

55
Q

trisynaptic circuit of the hippocampus

A

entrorihinal cortex
connected by perforant path
to the dendate gyrus
connected by mossy fibers
to the CA3 pyramidal cells
connected by schaffer collaterals
to the CA1 pyramidal cells

56
Q

where are grid cells located

A

entorhinal cortex

57
Q

long term potentiation

A

memory is changes in connectivity
- distributed, not spatially localized

connections between neurons change when synapses are modified

neurobiologists want to understand how these modifications occurs - requires locating the neurons that compose the assemblies that support the memory trace (engram)

long- term potentiation gives us a method to slightly simplify this task

58
Q

Bliss and Lomo LTP

A

strengthening the synapse in result to sending through strong current - becoming more sensitive to weaker stimuli

stimulated (SE) the perforant path and recording (RE) in the dentate gyrus - trigger the axon to get a current and stimulate an AP

first applied a weak stimulus (WS) (low current) to the perforant path and measured synaptic activity

they then applied a strong stimulus (SS) to the perforant path. It evoked more synaptic activity than the weak stimulus

SS produced an enducing increase in the synaptic response to WS - this enhanced response is called LTP

strong stimulus potentiated the response to the weak stimulus - response lasted several hours

59
Q

LTP methodology

A

a weak stimulus established a baseline by being repeatedly presented

a stronger stimulus is then presented to induce LTP

a weak test stimulus is presented to determine if the synapse was potentiated - starts of strong and then levels off

the test stimulus establishes a baseline and it helps determine if the inducing stimulus produced an LTP resulted int he test stimulus producing a larger response

60
Q

LTP in hippocampal slices

A

discovered in a rabbit

in vitro preparation: requires dissecting a very thin slice of tissue from the hippocampus

before slices of hippocampal tissue are place into the small recording chamber

the recording apparatus consists of a large chamber filled with fluid needed to keep the slice viable, a small chamber that holds the slice, the stimulating electrode (SE) used to induce LTP, and the recording electrode (RE) used to measure the field electrical potentials

many researcher use this to study LTP induced in the neurons in the CA1 region - stimulate schaffer collateral fiubers and record field potentials from recording electrode placed in the CA1 region

intracellular electrode detects pos ions flowing into the neuron indicating depolarizaion

the electrical stimulation to produce LTP in the hippocampus generates APs - where many ions will flow into the neurons (postsynaptic depolarization)

61
Q

synaptic strength

A

measured by the amount of postsynaptic depolarization produced by a stimulus

how many pos ions flow into the post-synaptic neuron surrounding the extracellular recording electrode

the electrode reads that as the flow of pos ions, ions away from its tip

62
Q

electrical neural communication

A

gap junctions (between cells)
graded membrane potentials (within cells)
action potentials (within cells)

63
Q

chemical neural communication

A

intracellular signal cascades (within cells)
synaptic neurotransmission (between cells)

64
Q

what happens when an action potential arrives in the presynaptic terminal

A
  1. transmitter is synthesized and then stored in vesicles
  2. an action potential invades the presynaptic terminal
  3. depolarization or presynaptic terminal causes opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels
  4. influx of calcium through channels
  5. calcium causes vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
  6. transmitter is released into synaptic cleft via exocytosis
  7. transmitter binds to receptor molecules in postsynaptic membrane
  8. opening and closing of postsynaptic channels
  9. postsynaptic current causes excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential that changes the excitability of the postsynaptic cell
  10. retrieval of vesicular membrane from the plasma membrane
65
Q

hyperpolarization

A

membrane potential becomes more negative

composition of the ICF becomes more like the ECF

drives neurons away from an action potential

65
Q

what are the two possibilities that LTP could be the result of

A
  1. presynaptic changes that increase the release of glutamate
  2. postsynaptic changes that increase the postsynaptic neuron’s sensitivity to glutamate
65
Q

depolarization

A

membrane potential gets less negative intracellular fluid becomes more like the composition of ECF

drives neurons towards an AP

66
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in electrical charge

67
Q

ligands

A

molecules that bind to receptors

68
Q

endogenous ligands

A

produced by your neurons

neurotransmitters

69
Q

exogenous ligands

A

come from the outside of your body

drugs

70
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

activated by ligands and increase the flow of ions from one membrane side to the other

this changes the membrane potential

71
Q

metabtropic receptors

A

ligangs that can bind and initiate a signaling cascade within the postsynaptic neurons

slow

72
Q

GPCR

A

have a dynamic lifestyle before, recycled and being replaced

g proteins bind to the intracellular side of activated receptors

they initiate many cellular effects via second messengers, such as opening ion channels or up-regulation or down-regulation of genes including for receptors

slow

73
Q

agonist

A

ligand that activates its cognate receptor

74
Q

receptor agonist

A

an exogenous ligand that resembles the endogenous ligand and is capable of binding to the receptor and activating it

75
Q

competitive antagonists

A

substance that binds to a receptors and blocks agonists from binding to the receptors

76
Q

noncompetitive antagonists

A

bind to target receptors at a different site that is different from where the endogenous ligand binds

77
Q

glutamate subtypes

A

AMPA, Kainate, NMDA

78
Q

what happens when up-regulation is induced in AMPA receptors

A

glutamate will have a stronger effect on the postsynaptic side

this causes the neurons to strengthen

more sensitive to glutamate, strengthening the connection

79
Q

what makes the NMDA receptors different

A

allows for calcium to have a direct effect

same depolarization

mix of both ionotropic and metatropic

initiates up-regulation

have a magnesium plug

80
Q

what are the two events caused by the opening of NMDA receptors

A
  1. ligand gated: glutamate must bind to the receptor
  2. voltage- dependent: the cell must depolarize. when this happens, the magnesium plug is removed and calcium can enter the cell
81
Q

fiber volley

A

APs generated by the electrical stimulus

82
Q

what are the two stimuli in an LTP experiment

A

test stimulus - weak to small fEPSP
inducing stimulus - stronger to larger fEPSP

83
Q

how do you know an LTP experiment is successful

A

if successful test stimulus will evoke a larger response than it did at baseline

84
Q

generic signaling cascade

A
  1. a signaling cascade is initiated when a first messenger - an extracellular substance, such as a neurotransmitter (eg glutamate) or a hormone binds to a cell-surface receptor and initiates intracellular activity
  2. involves second messengers - molecules that relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target intracellular protein kinases and phosphates that then target other proteins
85
Q

gill withdrawal reflex

A

can be modified by experience

simple brain located in abdomen - far fewer neurons

cell bodies are large

defence behaviour the animal exhibits when skin is stimulated

behaviour is modified by experience

86
Q

habituation

A

the magnitude of the response decreases without repeated stimulus

87
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

with the passage of time between stimulus presentations the response to the stimulus can recover

response increases because you have not responded to that stimulus in a given time

88
Q

short-term habituation

A

phenomenon of habituation coupled with spontaneous recovery

89
Q

long-term habituation

A

experiment is repeated over several days, the amount of spontaneous recovery gently diminishes

90
Q

sensitization

A

a stronger stimulus greatly enhances the gill withdrawal response to the relatively weak stimulus

91
Q

long-term depression

A

experience can also weaken synaptic connections

synaptic plasticity is bidirectional

delivery of a low-frequency stimulus can produce a long-term depression

effect is blocked when NMDA receptor antagonist APV is applied to the slice

PSYC 325 (2 decks)

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