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psyc 301 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

basic brain facts

A

2-3% of body weight,
sightly larger in men,
huge indiv variation,
composed of: neurons, glia, stem cells, blood vessels
convoluted (Wrinkly)
cells not replaced
<100 b neurons

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2
Q

name and describe two general types of cells w/in the nervous system

A

neurons - projection neurons and interneurons

glia -

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3
Q

id 3 types of glial cells and describe some functional roles for each

A

schwann cell -
microglia -
oligodendrocyte -

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4
Q

what s a tripartite synapse?

A

neurotransmission AND gliotransmission, conversation of three in the synapse.
- gliotransmission happening around a synapse with neurotransmission

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5
Q

describe central dogma of molecular biology

A
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6
Q

name and describe function of key cellular structures

A

mitochondria - powerhosue of the cell, where ATP is made for energy
cell membrane -
cytoskeleton -

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7
Q

describe the rel between dendrites and some common brain dysfunctions

A
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8
Q

3 main areas of the brain

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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9
Q

major divisions of nervous system

A
  • central - brain & spinal cord
  • peripheral (2)- somatic –> afferent (sensory) & efferent (motor)
    & autonomic - afferent (S) & efferent (m)
    –> efferent further divides sympathetic & parasympathetic
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10
Q

what symptoms would you expect w/ damage at each particular division?

A
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11
Q

all neuroanatomical directional terms

A
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12
Q

terms applied when talking about brain structures

A
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13
Q

draw and label cross section fo spinal cord

A
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14
Q

list descending sections of the spinal cord in order. where woudl damage cause a greater loss of function and why?

A

(from top) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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15
Q

divisions of brain as (3) and (5)

A

3- Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
5-(F) telencephalon, diencephalon, (M) mesencephalon, (H) metencephalon, myelencephalon

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16
Q

structures within each of following, and what damage in each would produce:
- myencephalon

A

aka medulla - involutnary control of life-sustaining functions, lots of tracts
reticular formation (reticular activating system - critical for arousal, wakefulness, attn, sleep)
- insults here often fatal

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17
Q
  • metencephalon
A
  • pons - large white matter bulge - efferent signals
  • cerebellum - critical for motor coord - course corrects
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18
Q
  • mesencephalon
A

aka midbrain
- roof (Tectum) - 2 pairs of bumps (colliculi)
–> superior colliculi - vision w/ respect to eye movement
–> infer coll - audition w/ respect to head/body orientation
–> parinaud’s syndrome?

-floor (tegmentum)
–>dopamine prod’g region –> substantia nigra & VTA (ventral tegmental area)
–>damage?

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19
Q
  • diencephalon
A
  • thalamus - input from sens systs, cerebel & basal ganglia - ‘relay center’ for sens info, receives as much as it sens to cortex though
    –> corticothalamic loops?
    –> damage?
    -hypothalamus - key intersection w/ endocrine sys via pit gland
    –> diverse functions - sex, aggr, feeding, sleep, wake
    –> damage?
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20
Q
  • telencephalon
A
  • largest division, not jsut cortex btu also underlying structures, damage wide rangeing
  • cerebral cortex - neocrotex, largest, highyl convoluted (v lissenphalic)
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21
Q

convolutions on brain called?

A

gyrus/gyri (top, sulcus/sulci (bottom)

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22
Q

term for smooth brain

A

lissenphalic

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23
Q

describe location and function fo corpus callosum

A

connects R & L hemispheres

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24
Q

contralateral organization

A

L controls R body etc.

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25
left hemi dominance for language
L loud mouth, talks over right
26
split-brain patients & callosotomy
brain will say what R eye saw, but if asked to reach, will reach for what L brain saw - spoon apple
27
major fissures
longitudinal fissure - seps L & R
28
major components of limbic system
- 'between' cortex and brain stem - Hth - hypoth - amyg - emo, learning, - hippo - LT explicit items, spatial awareness, naviagtion - cingualte cortex - (around corp call) pain, decision makin
29
limbic damage
rabies = act aggr, afraid of drinking water
30
major components of basal ganglia
- striatum - further divided: - globus pallidus - nucleus accumbens - (ventral striatum) - motivation, addiction, connected to VTA - MUSCLE MEM = BASAL GANG - implicit mems
31
parkinsons
substantia nigra disorder (basal gang)
32
lobes of the cerebral cortex
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
33
central fissure separates? and is called?
frontal and parietal/ pre-post central gyrus - central sulcus
34
lateral fissure separates? and is called?
frontal/parietal from temporal - lateral sulcus
35
anatomical features that protect the brain
- meninges - CSF - skull
36
which region is above in the brain - ventral or dorsal?
dorsal - means toward the top, while ventral means toward the bottom of the brain
37
broadman's areas
region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells.
38
important broadman areas
layer 3/5 - motor output layer 4 - sensory input neocortex 6 layers, older has 3 (hippo)
39
how many microglia?
1 - microglia
40
how many macroglia?
3 - oligododendrytes - shwann cells - astrocytes
41
CNS myelination glia
oligodendrocytes
42
PNS myelination glia
Shwann cells
43
role of astrocytes?
majority of cells in CNS, part of BBB, their feet wrap around blood vessels to control
44
diencephalon structures (4)
thalamus,, hypothalamus, optic chasm, pituitary gland
45
mesencephalon structure (2)
tectum, tegmentum
46
metencephalon structures (2)
(lots of sens info coming in and out) pons, cerebellum
47
Myelencephelaon structures (1)
aka the medulla oblongata (beginning of brain directly connected to spinal cord) - reticular formation
48
thalamus
- relays motor signals to the cerebral cortex from other motor control structures like cerebellum and basal ganglia - massa intermedia - lateral geniculate nuclei - medial geniculate nuclei - ventral posterior nuclei
49
hypothalamus
mammillary bodies - recollective memory, damage = severe mem loss
50
optic chiasm
point where eye fibers from one eye cross with other eye
51
pituitary gland
master gland - sleeping, eating damage = narcolepsy
52
tectum (2)
- the roof - 2 pairs of bumps superior colliculi & inferior colliculi -damage = Parinaud's syndrome - indiv has trouble orienting their eyes (esp. up)
53
superior colliclu
vision w/ respect to eye movement - anterior on spinal cord - bringing in vision, nto consciously aware of it - part of brain drawn to salient visual info - BPs TVs blind sight - where cortex damaged ppl can still see via sup coll.
54
inferior colliculi
audition w/ respect to head/body orientation - sim to sup but with audio (frog catches fly)
55
tegmentum
reticular formation - wakefulness cerebral aqueduct - connects 3/4th ventricles periacquductal gray - main output of amyg goes here - activted under high stress, cause freezing, squealing heart rate substantia nigra - parkinson's disease ventral tegmental area - damage = poverty of movement, changes here prime addiction red nucleus - lrgr role in animals than humans, resp. for species specific behs (barking) - babies crawling governed by red nucleus - schz meds overactivate this region - jerking, chewing mouth, --> tardive dyskinesia - jerking repetitions
56
reticular formation
reticular activating system - from my to mes, - critical for arousal, wakefulness, attn, sleep damage = fatal, major disruptions to life, cant stay awake
57
pons
large white-matter bulge - lots of white matter = afferent/efferent info - relays signals between cerebellum and cerebrum - unconscious processes
58
cerebellum
10% of brain but house above 50% of all neurons = extremely dense - isn't necessary to move, but coords every 7 seconds - damage = difficulty w/ motor coord, learin, balance, gait
59
cerbellum and alcohol
because it's so dense, it receives a larger proportion ofnutrients in that area of the brain so it gets disproportionate amount of alcohol = one of the first things affected is motor control/balance = police road side tests - drunks walk in unusual ways, gaits etc.
60
5 divisions in which 3 divisions
forebrain = telenceph, dienceph midbrain = mesenceph hindbrain = metenceph, myelenceph (medulla oblongata)
61
4 lobes
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
62
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
63
postcentral gyrus
somatosensory cortex
64
lateral fissure has the..
Insula - deep inside, not neocortex
65
no redundancy in brain?
most parts of brain fed by 1 artery, so blockage = no back up = no ATP = cell death
66
2 arteries in front
internal carotid
67
2 arteries in back
vertebral arteries
68
BBB made of (2)
astrocytes and tight junctions
69
BBB weak at (2)
olfaction area and hypothalamus
70
CSF made where
later v's
71
ventricles
2 lateral --> third v --> fourth v --> spinal cord or around brain
72
probs w/ ventricles/CSF
- meningitis - hydrocephalus
73

psyc 301 (4 decks)

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