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PSYC 365 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Homologous structure

A

Evidence of common heritage of different animals is still visible in shapes of body and brain (all animals emerged from a common evolutionary ancestor; structures tend to be highly similar)

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2
Q

Why do we involve non-human animals in research about the human nervous system?

A

Due to structural homology, animal brains can provide an approximate model of the human brain for hypotheses that cannot be directly tested on human participants

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3
Q

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system and what do they do?

A

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system - somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A
  • part of PNS
  • interacts with external environment
  • external sensory signals carried into CNS by afferent nerves
  • motor signals carried from CNS to skeletal muscles by efferent nerves
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5
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A
  • part of PNS
  • regulates internal environment
  • internal sensory signals (internal organs) carried into CNS by afferent nerves
  • motor signals carried from CNS to internal organs by efferent nerves
  • state of ANS is function of degree of balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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6
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • part of autonomic nervous system in PNS
  • sympathetic efferent nerves mobilize energy resources in threatening situations
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7
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • part of autonomic nervous system in PNS
  • parasympathetic efferent nerves act to conserve energy
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8
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

left and right sides of bodies are mirror-opposite (regions don’t necessarily perform the same functions on each side)

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9
Q

Corpus callosum

A

tract of neurons connecting left and right hemispheres

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10
Q

Contralaterality

A

each side of body is mostly controlled by the opposite side of the brain

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11
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • largest division of the brain
  • contains cerebral cortex
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12
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • outer layer of the cerebrum
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13
Q

Major brain divisions

A
  • cerebrum (left and right hemispheres; frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes)
  • cerebellum (little brain)
  • brainstem (relay centre between spinal cord and brain)
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14
Q

Convoluted vs. lissencephalic

A

convoluted: increased surface area, volume remains small (fissures/sulci & gyri)
lissencephalic: smooth-brained (many mammals inc. rats)

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15
Q

Sulci

A

fissures/furrows in cortex

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16
Q

Gyri

A

ridges between fissures (sulci)

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17
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

longest fissure in brain

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18
Q

Cerebral commisures

A

tracts connecting cerebral hemispheres; largest is corpus callosum (connects left and right hemispheres)

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19
Q

What lobes does the central fissure separate?

A

frontal lobe from parietal lobe

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20
Q

What lobes does the lateral fissure separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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21
Q

Limbic system

A
  • group of structures that work together; involved in behavioural and emotional responses and memory
  • hippocampus (memory)
  • amygdala (fear and fear-based learning)
  • hypothalamus (keeps body in homeostasis by influencing ANS and managing hormones)
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22
Q

Occipital lobe - main function (1), organization, location

A
  • vision
  • retinotopic organization (objects are represented similarly in field of vision and location in cortex)
  • lower back of cerebrum (inferior posterior)
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23
Q

Temporal lobe - main function (6), important areas (2), location

A
  • hearing, learning, memory, emotion, language, face recognition
  • Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)
  • fusiform face area (face recognition)
  • lower cerebrum (dorsal medial), over cerebellum
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24
Q

Parietal lobe - main function (1), important area (1), organization, location

A
  • bodily sensations (touch, temperature, pain, etc.)
  • somatosensory cortex (processes proprioception and touch info)
  • topographic organization (representation is adjacent to neighboring areas)
  • upper back of brain (superior posterior)
25
Q

Frontal lobe - main function (3), important areas (3), location

A
  • movement, planning, organization
  • prefrontal cortex (higher level cognitive functioning
  • motor cortex (planned, coordinated movement)
  • Broca’s area (language production)
  • front of cerebrum (anterior)
26
Q

Anterior

A

ante, before
towards front
syn: rostral (beak)

27
Q

Posterior

A

post, after
towards back
syn: caudal (tail)

28
Q

Dorsal

A

dorsum, back
up/atop
syn: superior

29
Q

Ventral

A

venter, belly
down, below, on bottom
syn: inferior

30
Q

Medial

A

medius, middle
towards midline
syn: nasal (nose)

31
Q

Lateral

A

latus, side
away from midline
syn: temporal (temple)

32
Q

Ipsilateral

A

ipsi, same
same side of body

33
Q

Contralateral

A

contra, against/opposite to
opposite sides of body

34
Q

Key subcortical systems (4)

A
  • thalamus
  • basal ganglia
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
35
Q

Key cortical systems (3)

A
  • somatosensory cortex
  • motor cortex
  • association areas
36
Q

Thalamus - main function, location, subdivision

A
  • relay station (most information that proceeds to cerebral cortex passes through thalamus)
  • just above brainstem, near centre of brain (in midbrain); one in each hemisphere
  • 50ish nuclei with multiple functional specializations
37
Q

Basal Ganglia - main function (2), location, structural features (4)

A
  • intermediary between higher thoughts, sensations, and reflexes; facilitates movement
  • base of brain (basal), in temporal lobes
  • cluster of nerve cells (ganglia)
  • striatum (caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus
38
Q

Hippocampus - main function (2), location, subdivisions (4)

A
  • navigation, memory (cognitive mapping - time and space)
  • in hippocampal formation (temporal lobes)
  • Cornu ammonis 1, CA2, CA3, CA4
39
Q

Amygdala - main function (4), location

A
  • fear and threat detection, processing positive stimuli, emotional memory consolidation, attention to emotionally relevant stimuli
  • in temporal lobes, anterior to hippocampus
40
Q

Somatosensory cortex - main function (1), organization, location

A
  • somatic sensation processing (touch, proprioception/kinesthesia, nociception, temperature); information moves from receptor through thalamus to somatosensory cortex
  • somatotopic organization (point-for-point correspondence)
  • in postcentral gyrus (posterior to central sulcus)
41
Q

Proprioception

A

sense of position of body in space
syn: kinesthesia

42
Q

Nociception

A

sense of pain

43
Q

Motor cortex - main function (1), location, subdivisions (3)

A
  • voluntary movement
  • frontal lobe, anterior to central sulcus
  • primary motor cortex (homunculous; corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract), supplementary motor cortex (nonprimary), premotor cortex (nonprimary)
44
Q

Primary motor cortex - main function (1), location

A
  • contains motor map (homunculus); movement signals are transported to either corticospinal or corticobulbar tract
  • precentral gyrus (strip of cortex)
45
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

carries body movement related signals from primary motor cortex to spinal cord

46
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

carries head, neck, and face movement related signals to brainstem

47
Q

Nonprimary motor cortex regions (2)

A
  • supplementary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
48
Q

Supplementary motor cortex - main function (3)

A
  • execution of sequences of movement
  • attainment of motor skills
  • selection of movements (based on incoming sensory info)
49
Q

Premotor cortex - main function (2)

A
  • contributes about 30% of neurons that enter corticospinal tract
  • planning of movement
50
Q

Association areas - main function (2), locations, example (1)

A
  • associate simpler elements of cognition (allowing for more complex elements of cognition)
  • allow sensory experience to be tuned by expectations, needs, etc. (without these cortices, reflexive responses only)
  • regions of temporal and parietal lobes
  • prefrontal cortex
51
Q

Prefrontal cortex - main functions (2), subregions (5), location

A
  • executive functions
  • uses sensory info to plan responses & communicate with other areas to enact them
  • allows neural responses to reflect significance rather than surface properties of sensory events
  • orbitofrontal cortex; ventrolateral pfc; dorsolateral pfc; dorsomedial cortex; ventromedial cortex
52
Q

Executive functions

A
  • processes that focus on controlling short-sighted behaviour, to act with a goal in mind
  • self control, planning, decision making, problem solving
53
Q

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

A
  • activated in association with rewards
  • dopamine neurons project from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens in basal ganglia
54
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

A
  • region of PFC
  • understand relationship between action and outcome
  • damage - reasoning intact but application of reasoning to decisions isn’t
55
Q

Ventrolateral PFC

A
  • region of PFC
  • inferior frontal gyrus (IFG): unhelpful action and thought inhibition
56
Q

Dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC)

A
  • working memory
  • complex sets of rules; other abstract thought
57
Q

Gray matter

A

brain cells

58
Q

White matter

A

highways of axons

59
Q

Different types of brain tissue (3)

A

Gray matter - brain cells
White matter - highways of axons
Cerebrospinal fluid - fluid in ventricles (cavities)

PSYC 365 (14 decks)

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