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AHS2 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is grey matter?

A

neurone cell bodies anything that’s not myelinated

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2
Q

What is white matter?

A

Neurone axons that are myelinated

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3
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A

nuclei and ganglia

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4
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Funiculi/columns- in spinal cord consisting of fasciculi

fasciculi/tracts- axons of the same origin, destination and function

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5
Q

\What does the CNS develop from?

A

ectoderm

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6
Q

What is the embryological name for the forebrain?

A

prosencephalon

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7
Q

What is the embryological name for the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

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8
Q

What is the embryological name for the hindbrain?

A

rhombencephalon

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9
Q

What does the prosencephalon split into?

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

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10
Q

What structures are part of the telencephalon?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • basal nuclei
  • hippocampus
  • lateral ventricles
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11
Q

What structures are part of the diencephalon?

A
  • third ventricle
  • interthalamic adhesion
  • hypothalamus and pituitary gland
  • thalamus
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12
Q

What are the basal nuclei?

A

grey matter of the telencephalon

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13
Q

What is the role of the basal nuclei?

A
  • control of voluntary movements
  • procedural learning
  • eye movements
  • cognition-mental processing
  • emotion
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14
Q

What structures are the basal nuclei made of?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen attached to globus pallidus which makes the lentiform nucleus
  • associated with the amygdala
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15
Q

What do lesions of the basal nuclei cause?

A

Dyskinesia and increased muscle tone

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16
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

relay information to and from the cerebral cortex
processes sensations
consciousness

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17
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Autonomic control for homeostasis, sleep and behaviour

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18
Q

What happens when there are lesions of the diencephalon?

A
  • abnormal behaviour
  • total body hypalgesia
  • slow postural reactions
  • Depression
  • blindness
  • alterations in homeostasis
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19
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

for spatial awareness and memory
buried deep in the cerebral hemispheres
gives rise to axons forming the fornix
interlocking c shape

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20
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • Emotion, behaviour, memory, learning, personality

- Associated structures: hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, piriform plexus, hippocampus, septal nuclei

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21
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus?

A

-association track, cingulum, the cerebral cortex.

Found just above corpus callosum

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22
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • Allows hemispheres to communicate

- commissural fibres

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23
Q

What is the amygdala?

A
  • Processing and remembering emotions
  • integration of emotions and smells
  • deep to piriform plexus, associated with thalamus, almond shaped
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24
Q

What is the midbrains embryological origin?

A

-mesencephalon

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25
Q

What are the three parts of the midbrain?

A
  • tectum= roof
  • lumen= middle canal
  • tegmentum= floor
26
Q

What are the features of the tectum?

A
  • 4 swellings= colliculi- corpus quadrigemina

- hillock prominences

27
Q

What are the features of the midbrain lumen?

A
  • cerebral aqueduct= flow of CSF,
  • corresponds with 3rd and 4th ventricles
  • surrounded with periaqueductal grey= pain control
28
Q

What are the features of the tegmentum?

A
  • Trochlear CN IV= extraocular muscles
  • Parasympathetic nucleus
  • motor nucleus
  • Oculomotor CN III= extraocular muscles
  • Reticular formation- Maintenance of wakefulness- ARAS system
  • Red nucleus- the start of the rubrospinal tract- semiskilled postural movements
  • substantia nigra- dopaminergic nucleus
  • crus cerebri= efferents descending down the brainstem
29
Q

What are the divisions of the hindbrain?

A
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
  • lumen
30
Q

What makes up the metencephalon?

A

-pons and cerebellum

31
Q

What makes up the myelencephalon?

A

-medulla

32
Q

What makes up the midbrain lumen?

A

4th ventricle

33
Q

What are the features of the Pons?

A
  • bridge over tracts, dorsal region fibres travel through
  • trigeminal nerve nuclei
  • reticular formation- extrapyramidal reticulospinal tract, autonomic, ARAS, upper motor control of CV, Res, vomiting and swallowing
  • like a beer belly- corticospinal tracts
34
Q

What are the features of the medulla?

A
  • cranial nerves 6-12 arise from medulla.
  • reticular formation
  • medullary pyramids- corticospinal tract, voluntary movements,
  • olivary nucleus- pre-processes input for cerebellum, received from red nucleus, brainstem and cerebral cortex
35
Q

What are the features of the cerebellum?

A

=little brain, highly folded and smaller than cerebrum

  • balance, posture, fine motor control, modifies intended movement
  • ipsilateral function= acts for same side of body
  • extensive motor and sensory inputs and outputs: motor cortex, red nucleus, rubrospinal tract
36
Q

Parts of the cerebellum

A

3 lobes: rostral, [primary fissure] caudal (skilled movements), [caudolateral fissure] and flocculonodular lobe (balance)
2 hemispheres divided by the vermis
connected to the brainstem via peduncles: 3 per side, rostral (midbrain), middle (pons) and caudal (medulla)

37
Q

Cranial nerves

A 
CNI: Olfactory 
CNII: optic 
CNIII: oculomotor
CNIV: trochlear
CNV: trigeminal 
CNVI: abducens
CNVII: facial
CNVIII: vestibulocochlear
CNIX: glossopharyngeal
CNX: Vagus
CNXI: Accessory
CNXII: Hyoglossal
38
Q

Remembering the order of cranial nerves

A

on occasion our trusty truck acts funny very good vehicle any how

39
Q

Remembering the sensory or motor CN

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more

40
Q

features of the spinal cord

A
  • foramen- vertebral= through ventral column, where the spinal cord travels; intervertebral=spinal nerves out of the spinal cord
  • continuous with hindbrain
  • cervical and lumbar intumescence- large number of neurones
  • tapers to conus medullaris and becomes the cauda equina
  • vertebral column grows much faster than spinal cord and takes the spinal nerves with it
41
Q

Blood supply of the brain: two main sources

A
  • internal carotid via carotid canal

- vertebral arteries- unite to form the basilar artery

42
Q

What does the rostral cerebral a. supply?

A

medial hemisphere

43
Q

What does the middle cerebral a. supply?

A

lateral and ventral hemispheres

44
Q

What does caudal cerebral a. supply?

A

occipital lobe

45
Q

What is the main species difference with an Ox?

A

proximal 2/3rds of internal carotid is occluded by 18months, anastomoses between maxillary artery and internal carotid.

46
Q

What are the features of the ARAS system?

A
  • part of the reticular formation

- afferents received: proprioceptive, exteroceptive and interoceptive

47
Q

Test for CNI: olfactory nerve

A

hiding treat in hand and seeing if animal can detect it

48
Q

Test for CNII and CNIII: optical and oculomotor

A

shine a light into animals’ eyes- looking for a direct and consensual response via parasympathetic fibres- sensory and motor pathways to coordinate a response

49
Q

Test for CNII and VII: Optic and facial

A

menace response- strike an animals face- causes eyelids to close

requires:
- normal functioning eyes
- an intact visual pathway and cortex
- intact facial nerve

50
Q

Test for CNIII, IV and VI: oculomotor, trochlear and abducens

A

functionally assessed together since they all control oculomotor muscles to maintain normal eye position
abnormally positioned: strabismus= squint
maintain gaze of fixed objects
-assessing vestibulo-ocular reflex, swiftly move animals head in horizontal-dorsal plane

51
Q

Test for CNVIII: vestibulocochlear

A

startle response: difficult to assess unilaterally

52
Q

Test for CNIX and X: glossopharyngeal and vagus

A
  • gag reflex, pharyngeal reflex, lolly stick or finger into throat
53
Q

Test for CNXI: accessory nerve

A

neck muscle symmetry

54
Q

Test for CNXII: hypoglossal Nerve

A

Symmetry of tongue , size and shape, touch and note response

55
Q

Test for CNV and VII: trigeminal and Facial

A

Palpebral response: sensation around periocular skin- should blink
Vibrissal response: whiskers should move

56
Q

Test for CNV: trigeminal nerve

A

Corneal reflex: gently touch cornea

57
Q

Which oculomotor muscles are controlled by the trochlear nerve?

A

-dorsal oblique

58
Q

Which oculomotor muscles are controlled by the abducens nerve?

A
  • lateral rectus

- retractor bulbi

59
Q

Which oculomotor muscles are controlled by the oculomotor nerve?

A
  • dorsal rectus
  • medial rectus
  • ventral oblique
  • ventral rectus
60
Q

Connections of the vestibular nuclei

A
  • thalamus> cerebral cortex
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus&raquo_space; control of extrinsic eye muscles
  • vestibulospinal tract
  • medullary reticular formation

AHS2 (5 decks)

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