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Neuroanatomy and syndromes > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain

3 structures

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • basal ganglia
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2
Q

thalamus

(part of sensory, motor, and cognitive networks)

contributes to … (2x)

through its role in … (1)

A
  • alertness
  • attention
  • activating the cerebral cortex
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3
Q

Thalamic nuclei involved in memory processing …(2x)

Lesions of nuclei …(2x)

A
  • anterior nucleus
  • dorsomedial nucleus
  • impaired encoding/learning
  • impaired retrieval
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4
Q

Hypothalamus (=chronic inpatient)

regulates… (2x)

such as …(3x)

A
  • homeostasis drive
  • physiological drives
  • appetite
  • sexual arousal
  • thirst
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5
Q

hypothalamus lesions (2x)

A
  • autonomic dysregulation

- endocrine dysregulation

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6
Q

hypthalamus includes (1x)

A

mammillary bodies

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7
Q

mammillary bodies

are involved in … (2x)

A
  • memory encoding

- memory consolidation

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8
Q

basal ganglia

includes (5x)

A
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
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9
Q

basal ganglia

regulates (2x)

A
  • speed
  • timing

of movements

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10
Q

lesions in basal ganglia (1x + 4x)

A 
- dyskinesias
resting tremor
bradykinesia
rigidity
chorea
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11
Q

basal ganglia

has major role in (2x)

A
  • executive functioning (i.e. regulating various cognitive functions)
  • procedural learning
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12
Q

Midbrain

includes (4x)

A
  • part of RAS
  • motor pathways
  • superior colliculi (visual processing pathways)
  • inferior colliculi (auditory processing pathway)
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13
Q

midbrain lesions (1x)

A
  • altered consciousness (if RAS damaged)
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14
Q

hindbrain

structures (3x)

A
  • pons
  • cerebellum
  • medulla
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15
Q

pons

runs b/w xxx and xxx

lesions cause (1)

A
  • cerebral cortex + cerebellum

- cerebellar signs

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16
Q

cerebellum

regulates (2x)

A
  • coordination of fine movements

- maintaining posture

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17
Q

cerebellum lesions (1x +3) + (1x)

A
  • ataxias

action tremor (poor fine-motor coordination)

balance difficulties

jerkey eye movements

  • disrupt cognitive functions
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18
Q

medulla (= vegetable)

regulates …(1x +3)

A
  • basic life-maintaining functions

respiration
blood pressure
heartbeat

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19
Q

lesions in medulla (3x)

A
  • death
  • coma
  • altered consciousness
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20
Q

Limibic system

consists of (3x) + their location

A
  • anterior cingulate cortex (medial frontal lobe)
  • hippocampal formation (temporal)
  • amygdala (temporal)
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21
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

is located in (1x)

A

medial frontal lobes

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22
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

contributes to (1x + 2x)

A
  • executive functioning
  • response selection
  • directed attention
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23
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

is part of … (1x)

A

papez circuit (memory encoding + consolidation)

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24
Q

white matter tracts (2x) + what they do

A
  • commissures (corpus callouss + anterior commissure) - send signals b/w hemispheres
  • association fibers - send signals b/w 2 regions in same hemisphere
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25
Q

left hemisphere specialization

1 + 4 examples

A
  • linear/sequential processing

logical reasoning
solving a math problem
comprehending the meaning behind a sequence of words
analyzing the component details of a construct

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26
Q

right hemisphere specialization

1 + examples

A

configurational processing

integrating component parts to understand the “big picture”
integrating information with the context in which the information is presented
integrating spoken words with the speaker’s tone of voice
perceiving the spatial layout of component parts

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27
Q

Right hemisphere involvements in language processing:

A

 Integrating spoken words with speaker’s tone of voice and/or gestures to comprehend emotion being communicated
 Integrating spoken words with contextual information to comprehend non-literal meaning behind what was said
 Regulating prosody of speech

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28
Q

left hemisphere lesions

A
  • contralateral spastic hemiparesis (motor+premotor cortex)
  • deviation of eyes to ipsilateral side (frontal eye fields)
  • expressive, nonfluent, Broca’s aphasia (Broca’s area 44)
  • deficits in concentration, orientation, abstract reasoning, judgment, problem-solving (prefrontal cortex)
  • frontal lobe syndrome (inappropriately. social bx, loss of initiative, release of sucking and grasping reflexes, gait apraxia, incontinence)
  • contralateral hypesthesia and stereognosis (sensory cortex)
  • contralateral stereognosis and sensory neglect (superior parietal lobule)
  • Gerstmann syndrome (right/left confusion, finger agnosia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia) [inferior parietal lobule]
  • receptive, fluent, Wernicke’s aphasia (superior temporal gyrus)
  • ideational apraxia (Wernicke’s area)
  • ideomotor apraxia (Wernicke’s area)
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29
Q

right hemisphere lesions

A
  • contralateral spastic hemiparesis (motor+premotor cortex)
  • deviation of eyes to ipsilateral side (frontal eye fields)
  • deficits in concentration, orientation, abstarct reasoning, judgment, problem-solving (prefrontal cortex)
  • frontal lobe syndrome)
  • contralateral hemihypesthesia and stereognosis (sensory cortex)
  • contralateral astereognosis and sensory neglect (superior parietal lobule)
  • topograhic memory loss (inferior parietal lobule)
  • anosognosia (inferior parietal lobule)
  • construction apraxia (inferior parietal lobule)
  • dressing apraxia (inferior parietal lobule)
  • contralateral sensory neglect (inferior parietal lobule)
  • contralateral hemianopia or lower quadrantanopia (inferior parietal lobule)
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30
Q

Longitudinal organization of the cerebral cortex

Posterior aspects of the cortex (behind the central sulcus) are dedicated to

A

input systems (sensation and perception).

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31
Q

Longitudinal organization of the cerebral cortex

Anterior aspects of the cortex function as

A

output systems (execution of behavior)

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32
Q

occipital lobes

visual pathway (3x)

A
  • retina
  • lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
  • primary visual cortex
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33
Q

Occiptal lobe

One side of the xxx processes information from the contralateral xxx

A
  • primary visual cortex

- visual field

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34
Q

Lesions of the primary visual cortex result in

A

discrete blind spots (bilaterally: cortical blindness)

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35
Q

Lesions of the visual association cortex result in

A

visual agnosias

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36
Q

Visual agnosias do not involve xxx, but what the person visually xxx (the xxx) lacks certain aspects of xxx visual information, such as xxx, xxx of the visual percept, xxx/xxx of the visual percept

A
  • blindness
  • visually perceives
  • percept
  • meaningful
  • object identity
  • movement
  • spatial location/orientation
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37
Q

Visual associative agnosias involve inability to xxx any xxx associated with a visual xxx – essentially, it is not knowing what something is or who someone is despite being able to see that object or person clearly.

Results from lesions to xxx at the xxx.

A
  • retrieve
  • knowledge
  • visual percept
  • visual association cortex
  • ventral occipitotemporal lobes
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38
Q

Visual apperceptive agnosias involve inability to xxx the xxx of a visual xxx together. Results from damage to xxx of the xxx that is very close to xxx.

For example, movement of the visual percept or spatial location/orientation of the visual percept.

A
  • bind
  • details
  • visual percept
  • visual association cortex
  • occipital lobe
  • primary visual cortex
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39
Q

List some specific types of agnosias, their impairments, and locations of lesions that cause them:

A
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40
Q

parietal lobe

Posterior association cortices – Parieto-Temporo-Occipital heteromodal cortex

Lesions (3x)

A
  • agnosias
  • apraxias
  • impaired construction
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41
Q

• Inferior parietal lobule (above temporal lobe)

involved in

A
  • short term memory storage (immediate attention span capacity)
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42
Q

Left sided lesion of the inferior parietal lobe

A
  • reduced verbal attention span capacity

e. g., lower score on Digit Span Forward

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43
Q

o Right sided lesion of the inferior parietal lobe

A

reduced nonverbal attention span capacity

44
Q

The xxx and the xxx function together to produce xxx – damage to either of these two regions can impair performance on tasks that involve xxx

A
  • inferior parietal lobule
  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • working memory
45
Q

Other left parietal lesions (3x)

  • Language

On the xxx hemisphere, the xxx language areas are situated at the juncture of the xxx and xxx lobes, especially involving the xxx and xxx gyri.

Lesions to these regions (4x)

A
  • left
  • posterior
  • temporal
  • parietal
  • supra marginal
  • angular gyri
  • impaired language comprehension
  • paraphasic errors
  • Alexia
  • agraphia
46
Q

Other parietal lesions

  • Praxis

Left parietal lesions (2x)

A
  • impaired ability to communicate in hand gestures or to comprehend other people’s hand gestures
  • errors in making sequential hand movements
47
Q

Other left parietal lesion

  • arithmetic

left inferior parietal lesions (1x)

A
  • acalculia
48
Q

Other right parietal lesions

o Attention/awareness (2x)

A
  • left hemispatial neglect syndrome (i.e., impaired attention to the left side
  • anosognosia (i.e., impaired attention to the functional status of one’s own bodily or mental systems)
49
Q

other right parietal lesions

  • praxis
A
  • dressing apraxia
50
Q

temporal lobes

are concerned with (2x +i.e. 2x)

A
  • hearing
  • related functions
  • auditory memory storage
  • complex auditory perceptual organization
51
Q

central auditory processing

is located at …

A
  • superior temporal cortex
52
Q

lesions in superior temporal cortex

(1x)

left:

Right:

A
  • auditory agnosias
  • left: recognition of words
  • right: recognition of nonverbal sounds
53
Q

language comprehension is located at

  • area
  • location
A

Wernicke’s area

left superior lateral temporal lobe

54
Q

lesions in Wernicke’s area

  • syndrome
  • explain
  • aware of deficit / not aware?
A

Wernicke’s aphasia

55
Q

xxx (i.e., recalling a word associated with a concept or object) depends on the integrity of the xxx and xxx lobe

A
  • semantic association
  • left inferior lateral temporal lobe
  • left anterior lateral temporal lobe
56
Q

lesions to left inferior + anterior lateral temporal lobe = semantic association

  • syndrome
  • 2x tests
A
  • anomic aphasia
  • poor confrontation naming
  • poor semantic fluency tests
57
Q

Right temporal lobe governs xxx and xxx

A
  • nonverbal expression

- comprehension

58
Q

Right lateral temporal lesions

2x

A
  • loss of musical aptitude
  • poor comprehension of facial expressions (social-emotional agnosia/expressive agnosia)
  • impaired recognition of familiar people or places (prosopagnosia)
59
Q

Memory acquisition (learning) involves the xxx

A
  • medial temporal lobe
60
Q

Hippocampal formation consists of xxx (3x)

A
  • hippocampus
  • dentate gyrus
  • subiculum (“support” - part of limbic system, responsible for memory retrieval + spatial encoding)
61
Q

Hippocampal complex consists of the xxx + xxx (xx, xx)

A
  • hippocampal formation
  • parahippocampal gyrus

parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex + perirhinal cortex)

62
Q

medial temporal lobe

is involved in the acquisition of …

xxx (xx)

A

factual knowledge (declarative memory)

63
Q

procedural memory is acquired through xxx

A

frontal-subcortical circuits

64
Q

memory encoding =

A

rapid process

bringing in hippocampus to form new long-term memory

65
Q

memory consolidation =

A

slow process

removing hippocampus from an old long-term memory

66
Q

xxx information from all xxx association cortices feeds into the xxx temporal lobe, which makes the xxx a hub for xxx different xxx aspects of newly learned information together in a single memory, along with the xxx thoughts and emotions about the new information.

A
  • sensory
  • sensory
  • medial
  • hippocampal formation
  • binding
  • sensory
  • associated
67
Q

The xxx is activated when xxx newly learned (and weakly consolidated) memories, which in turn activates the various regions of xxx association cortex that all come together to bring a complete memory to conscious awareness.

A
  • hippocampal formation
  • retrieving
  • sensory
68
Q

It is theorized that during the process of xxx the regions of association cortex pertinent to a specific memory gradually form xxx connections between one another over time, eventually removing (but not necessarily completely removing) the memory’s connections from the hippocampus and eliminating the need for the hippocampus to xxx when xxx the fully consolidated memory.

A
  • consolidation
  • direct
  • activate
  • retrieving
69
Q

Alzheimer’s disease loses his xxx memories first and retains his xxx memories the longest – the degenerating xxx isn’t involved in the xxx memories.

However, this is not a perfect theory because some studies have shown that the xxx activate when retrieving some old memories, particularly xxx memories.

A
  • newest
  • oldest
  • hippocampus
  • oldest
  • medial temporal lobe
  • autobiographical
70
Q

Medial temporal lobe verbal/nonverbal lateralization:

  • Left hippocampal complex lesions
A

impaired learning of verbal information

  • names
  • verbal facts
71
Q

Medial temporal lobe verbal/nonverbal lateralization:

  • Right hippocampal complex lesions
A

impaired learning of nonverbal information

  • new faces
  • geographical routes
  • melodies
  • spatial information
72
Q

The amygdala is involved in xxx and the xxx

It is also involved in processing xxx and xxx of new memories.

A
  • fear conditioning
  • experience of fear

+

  • processing reward
  • processing emotional aspects of new memories
73
Q

lesions in amygdala

A
  • decreased ability to experience fear
74
Q

frontal lobe structures

1x
(3x)
(3x)

A
  • primary motor cortex (precentral)
  • premotor area (premotor)
  • supplementary area (premotor)
  • broca’s area (premotor)
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex (prefrontal)
  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (prefrontal)
  • medial prefrontal cortex (prefrontal)
75
Q

lesions in primary motor cortex

A
  • contralateral motor weakness/paralysis
76
Q

The primary motor cortex is necessary to carry out xxx, xxx movements.

A xxx xxx to move activates the xxx.

However, the movement is xxx by xxx processing that involves signals from the xxx, xxx, and xxx.

One purpose of this modulation by xxx structures is to xxx sensory feedback with an ongoing xxx.

A
  • purposeful
  • volitional
  • conscious decision
  • primary motor cortex
  • modulated
  • non-conscious
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • subcortical
  • integrate
  • movement
77
Q

premotor area and supplementary motor area; these are involved in xxx purposeful, volitional movements and xxx those plans up to the xxx for xxx.

A
  • planning
  • sending
  • primary motor cortex
  • execution
78
Q

The premotor area xxx input from xxx motor modulation structures and xxx it up to the xxx

A
  • receives
  • subcortical
  • sends
  • primary motor cortex
79
Q

premotor area lesions

A
  • failure to initiate or maintain a conscious movement [bradykinesia - decrease in motion; akinesia - lack of motion] (clumsiness, inaccuracy, instability, imbalance, tremor, lack of coordination)
  • perseveration of conscious movements
80
Q

The supplementary motor area xxx the xxx movement xxx from the behavioral xxx and organizes them into a xxx movement program that is necessary to xxx a consciously determined xxx.

A
  • selects
  • basic
  • programs
  • repertoire
  • complex
  • achieve
  • goal
81
Q

lesions in supplementary motor area

A

apraxia

82
Q

Broca’s area represents the xxx hemisphere xxx division for xxx xxx

A
  • left
  • premotor
  • speech production
83
Q

broca’s area lesion

A
  • poor planning of speech content

- apraxia of speech (i.e., dysfluent speech)

84
Q

The right hemisphere xxx region that is homologous to Broca’s area it responsible for xxx and xxx and xxx aspects of communication (also known as xxx xxx)

A
  • premotor
  • selecting
  • planning
  • nonverbal
  • paralinguistic communication
85
Q

right hemisphere Lesions (area homologous to broca’s)

A
  • decreased prosody of speech (i.e., monotone speech)
  • inability to convey an emotional tone of voice
  • decreased gesturing
86
Q

Prefrontal division

This is the location where information about the xxx environment (from xxx association cortices) xxx with information about the xxx environment

(i.e., basic drives and emotions; from the limbic system)

A
  • external
  • sensory
  • integrates
  • internal
87
Q

prefrontal division (3x)

A
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • medial prefrontal cortex
88
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

plays key role in (2x)

A
  • impulse control

- regulation and maintenance of set + ongoing behavior

89
Q

lesions in ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A
  • disinhibition
  • aggressive outbursts (amygdala)
  • sexual promiscuity (hypothalamus)
  • impaired social judgment
  • impaired social cognition (incl, lack of empathy
90
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex appears to be involved in

A
  • higher order control / regulation / integration of cognotive activities

(executive cognitive functions)

91
Q

Medial prefrontal cortex governs

A

the experience of emotional drive, or motivation

92
Q

lesion in medial prefrontal cortex

A

apathy

93
Q

major component of medial prefrontal cortex =

A

anterior cingulate cortex

94
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

is involved in

A
  • directing attention
  • monitoring for errors while performing a task.
  • also a component of Papez circuit for memory processing.
95
Q

Prefrontal cortex roles in learning and memory

Left prefrontal structures are specialized for retrieval of xxx and encoding of xxx

A
  • semantic memory (general knowledge)

- incoming information into episodic memory

96
Q

Prefrontal cortex roles in learning and memory

Right prefrontal structures are specialized for retrieval of

A

episodic memory (specific unique events)

…not involved in encoding.

…the right hemisphere’s specialization in processing the whole context.

97
Q

Memory retrieval (i.e., free recall) is essentially an xxx

A

executive function

  • a goal (i.e., to provide information requested by the examiner)
  • conscious execution of a mental process to achieve that goal (i.e., access memory storage, search for, and select the memory that will accomplish the goal).
  • strategy selection in order to achieve the goal of retrieving the memory

strategy selection = executive function.

98
Q

prospective memory

A

remember to do something

99
Q

source memory

A

remembering the source of learned information

100
Q

memory for timeframes

A

ability to situate autobiographical memories accurately in the timeline of one’s own life.

101
Q

Prefrontal cortex roles in attention

6x

A
  • Directing, shifting, and sustaining attention
  • Increasing vigilance when necessary (e.g., reflected in the CPT ISI Change score)
  • Works together with the parietal cortex to engage working memory
  • Active concentration on novel problems, which is essentially a working memory process
  • Resisting distraction (i.e., shifting attention away from interferences)
  • Dividing attention when multitasking
102
Q

papez circuit

A

hippocampus
mammillary bodies (via fornix)
anterior nucleus of the thalamus (via mammillothalamic tract)
cinguate gyrus
hippocampus (via cingulum and Parahippocampal gyrus)

103
Q

aphasias

A
104
Q

left parietal lesions

A

dysfunction of constructional abilities
- errors from oversimplified construction of details; Parieto-temporo-occipital cortex

language

  • Wernicke’s aphasia
  • paraphasic errors (posterior areas)
  • alexia (diff reading)
  • agraphia (diff writing)

praxis
- apraxia (ideomotor, ideational apraxia)

arithmetic
- acalculia

105
Q

right parietal lesions

A

dysfunction of constructional abilities

  • errors resulting from poor placement of component parts in relation to one another
  • overelaboration of details
  • inattention to left half

praxis
- dressing apraxia

attention/awareness

  • left hemispatial neglect
  • anosognosia

Neuroanatomy and syndromes (2 decks)

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