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MB3 Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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2
Q

function of astrocytes

A

support and maintenance of the BBB and environmental homeostasis

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3
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin in CNS

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4
Q

true/false - oligodendrocytes myelinate cells in the PNS

A

false

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5
Q

function of microglia

A

immune monitoring and antigen presentation

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6
Q

what are ependymal cells and where are they found

A

ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells lining ventricles

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7
Q

what is found in grey matter of the brain

A

neuron bodies, cell processes, support cells and synapses

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8
Q

what is found in white matter of the brain

A

cell axons, support cells

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9
Q

what is the internal capsule

A

white matter connecting deep grey matter to the brainstem and higher centres

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10
Q

what is the significance of the calcarine sulcus

A

border for the primary visual cortex

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11
Q

border of the frontal lobe

A

central sulcus

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12
Q

border of the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus
parieto-occipital sulcus
lateral fissure

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13
Q

border of the occipital lobe

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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14
Q

lobes of the brain

A 
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal 
insular
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15
Q

function of the insular lobe

A

perception of pain

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16
Q

true/false - grey/white matter in the spinal cord is reversed

A

true

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17
Q

the H shape of the grey matter of the spinal cord makes up?

A

ventral and dorsal horns of the cord

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18
Q

the spaces of white matter of the spinal cord make up?

A

ventral, dorsal and lateral columns

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19
Q

describe passage of CSF through the ventricular system of the brain

A

lateral ventricle to third ventricle by the interventricular foramen
third to 4th by cerebral aqueduct
leads to central canal as well as openings for subarachnoid space

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20
Q

two plexuses found in the ENS

A

myenteric plexus

submucosal plexus

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21
Q

venous drainage from the brain

A

dural venous sinuses drain blood to IJV through jugular foramen

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22
Q

what two pairs of arteries supply the brain

A

vertebral and ICA

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23
Q

what forms the posterior cerebral arteries

A

vertebral arteries coming together with the basilar artery

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24
Q

what forms the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

A

ICA, which gives off anterior cerebral and leads to middle cerebral

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25
Q

what does anterior cerebral artery supply

A

medially from frontal lobe to parieto-occipital sulcus

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26
Q

what does middle cerebral artery supply

A

extensively over lateral surface of the brain

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27
Q

what does posterior cerebral artery supply

A

occipital lobe, inferior temporal lobe

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28
Q

what is the circle of willis and what makes it up

A

anastomosis of arteries in the brain
anterior cerebral arteries
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral arteries

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29
Q

where does the spinal cord end and what is its ending called

A

L1/2

conus medullaris

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30
Q

what is the filum terminale

A

thin connective tissue connecting conus medullaris to the dorsum of the coccyx

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31
Q

what is the denticulate ligament

A

meningeal tissue tethering the spinal cord at each spinal level

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32
Q

the dura mater doesnt attach to the vertebrae to act like the periosteum like it does in the skull. what is its replacement

A

the epidural fat pad

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33
Q

besides the anterior and posterior horns, what other horn is present T1-L2

A

lateral horn for SNS transmission

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34
Q

longitudinal arteries to the spinal cord?

A

anterior spinal artery

posterior spinal arteries

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35
Q

segmental arteries to the spinal cord?

A

vertebral, intercostal, lumbar

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36
Q

what are the radicular arteries

A

arteries travelling along dorsal and ventral roots

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37
Q

what venous plexuses drain blood from the spinal cord and where are they found

A

anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
epidural fat pad

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38
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

A

postcentral gyrus

39
Q

beginning from the longitudinal fissure and working laterally, outline sensory perception in the postcentral gyrus

A 
genitals 
toes and feet 
legs 
hip
trunk
neck
arm
hand
fingers
eye
nose
face
pharynx 
abdomen
40
Q

true/false - space in the primary somatosensory cortex is allocated based on the size of organs/body parts

A

false - it is based on their nerve endings and sensitivity

41
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located

A

precentral gyrus

42
Q

beginning from the longitudinal fissure and working laterally, outline motor perception in the precentral gyrus

A 
toes and feet 
legs and hips 
trunk
neck
upper limb 
hand 
eyes 
nose 
mouth 
jaw 
tongue and swallow
43
Q

ascending spinal tracts - responsibility of the dorsal column

A

fine touch, proprioception

44
Q

where do nerve fibres cross to the other side of the brain in the dorsal column

A

medulla oblongata

45
Q

ascending spinal tracts - responsibility of the spinothalamic tract

A

pain, temperature, deep pressure

46
Q

descending spinal tracts - responsibility of the corticospinal tract

A

fine, precise movement

47
Q

describe lower body sensory information reaching the brain via the dorsal columns

A

enters spinal cord dorsally and medially into dorsal fasciculus gracilis and ascends by 1st order neuron to medulla
synapses on nucleus gracilis
2nd order crosses midline immediately to the medial lemniscus and to thalamus
synapse with 3rd order to primary somatosensory cortex

48
Q

describe upper body sensory information reaching the brain via the dorsal columns

A

enters spinal cord dorsally and laterally into dorsal fasciculus cuneaus and ascends by 1st order neuron to medulla
synapses on nucleus cuneaus
2nd order crosses midline immediately to the medial lemniscus and to thalamus
synapse with 3rd order to primary somatosensory cortex

49
Q

describe passage of sensory information reaching the brain by the spinothalamic tract

A

enter dorsal column and synapse to 2nd order neuron, cross the cord and enter the spinothalamic tract anterolaterally
pass through brainstem straight to the thalamus, synapses to third order neuron and onto primary somatosensory cortex

50
Q

describe passage of motor info from brain to exit of spinal cord by CST

A

fibres from primary motor cortex pass through internal capsule, though midbrain and pons and onto medullas pyramidal tract
most decussate to other side to form lateral CST
some stay to form ventral CST
lateral CST pass to required level and exit
ventral CST pass to required level, cross segmentally and exit

51
Q

what could a CVA of the internal capsule lead to

A

lack of control over CST leading to spastic paralysis and hyperflexion of the upper limbs

52
Q

where does the reticular tract originate and what is its main function

A

central core of brainstem

functions in actions essential to life

53
Q

describe the path of the vestibulospinal tract

A

originates from vestibular nuclei of pons/medulla and descends

54
Q

true/false - all descending tracts cross the spinal cord

A

false - the vestibulospinal doesnt

55
Q

what is brown sequard syndrome and what would the finidngs be in sensory pathways

A

lateral hemisection of the spinal cord
ipsilateral loss of vibration, fine touch and proprioception
contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation

56
Q

location of the cerebellum to the cerebral hemispheres

A

posteroinferior

57
Q

lobes of the cerebellum

A

anteiror
posterior
flocculonodular

58
Q

what seperates the anterior cerebellar lobe from the posterior

A

primary fissure

59
Q

what separates the posterior lobe

A

horizontal fissure

60
Q

what lobe of the cerebellum extends across the midline

A

flocculonodular

61
Q

what separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

A

tentorium cerebelli

62
Q

what attaches the cerebellum to the brainsrem

A

superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles

63
Q

what is the central region of the cerebellum called

A

vermis

64
Q

3 layers of the cerebellar cortex

A

molecular layer
purkinje cell layer
granular cell layer

65
Q

where do afferent projections to the cerebellum arise from

A

vestibular apparatus
spinal cord
cerebral cortex

66
Q

what cells are the cerebellar output and what does it contribute to

A

purkinje cells

CST, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal

67
Q

an ipsilateral lesion of the cerebellum leads to ipsilateral/contralateral symptoms and signs

A

ipsilateral

68
Q

midline lesions of the cerebellum may lead to?

A

posture control

69
Q

vestibular disturbance is caused by lesions in what area of the cerebellum

A

flocculonodular node

70
Q

functions of the basal gangli

A

purposeful movement
inhibits unwanted movement
mosture and muscle tone

71
Q

structures making up the basal ganglia

A 
caudate nucleus 
putamen
globus pallidus 
subthalamic nucleus 
substantia nigra
72
Q

outcome of the direct pathway of the basal ganglia on motor output

A

drives area of the motor cortex to stimulate movement

73
Q

outcome of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia on motor output

A

inhibits stimulation of the motor cortex

74
Q

how does the substantia nigra influence the basal ganglia and what does it do

A

use of dopamine to enhance the direct pathway and inhibit the indirect pathway

75
Q

a unilateral lesion of the basal ganglia would have ipsilateral/contralateral effect

A

contralateral

76
Q

describe how stimulation from sound in the cochlea leads to nervous innervation
describe to which nucleus this first goes to

A

movement of hair cells stimulates bipolar neurons that are found on the spiral ganglion
spiral ganglion becomes cochlear nerve and travels to dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus

77
Q

what is the origin of CN VIII

A

cochlear nucleus on pontomedullary junction

78
Q

describe from the level of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus, the pathway to which sound reeaches the brain

A

from dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei some form the trapezoid body by decussating and some stay ipsilateral
synapse in superior olivary nucleus and nucleus of lateral lemniscus
SON fibres travel by lateral lemniscus to inferior colliculus and then on to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
passes into sublentiform IC to enter primary auditory area in superior temporal gyrus

79
Q

describe the frequency that which fibres enter the primary auditory cortex

A

low frequency enter anterolateral

high frequency enter poasteromedial

80
Q

why do brainstem lesions never lead to unilateral hearing loss

A

superior to the cochlear nuclei fibres decussate and so a lesion above the level of the cochlear nucleus would lead to hearing damage in both ears

81
Q

what is brocas aphasia

A

damage to left side brocas area leads to difficulty in producing language
no difficulty in comprehension but leads to expressive aphasia

82
Q

what is wernickes aphasia

A

patients have difficulty comprehending language
can hear but cannot comprehend and process understandable speech
receptive aphasia

83
Q

describe the passage of information from the semi circular canals to the first nucleus the vestibular nerve reaches

A

vestibular nerve fibres make contact with hair cells of semicircular canals which are transmitted to the vestibular ganglion
passed by vestibular nerve to the superior/inferior/medial/lateral vestibular nuclei

84
Q

describe where information goes from the vestibular nuclei

A

lateral goes to spinal cord as part of vestibulospinal tract to control muscle tension
also contribute to medial longitudinal fasciculus with CN III, IV, VI
some pass to the cerebellum
some pass through thalamus to reach cortex for conscious sensation

85
Q

describe how visual information form the eye and retina reaches the brain

A

projection of light on the retina is inverted on a horizontal and longitudinal axis
nasal retina info crosses optic chiasm and temporal stays same side to enter the optic tracts
synapse in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
some enter the pretectal area to control pupillary light reflex
enter optic radiation terminating on primary visual cortex

86
Q

describe the termination of optic radiations on the primary visual cortex regions and how this leads to differing light perception

A

lower visual field is projected to gyrus superior to calcarine sulcus
upper visual field is projected to lower calcarine sulcus

87
Q

describe the pupillary light reflex

A

direct light reflex - light causes eye to constrict
information from optic nerve synapses in pretectal area and relates to EW nucleus, leading to parasympathetic down oculomotor constricting the pupil
these happen bilaterally, leading to the indirect light reflex from the othe EW nucleus

88
Q

lesions of the optic nerve cause

A

monocular blindness

89
Q

lesions of the optic chiasm lead to

A

bitemporal hemianopia

90
Q

lesions of optic radiation lead to

A

homonymous hemianopia

91
Q

what is an association fibre

A

connect cortical sites of the same hemisphere

92
Q

what is a commisural fibre

A

carry info from one hemisphere to the other ie corpus callosum

93
Q

what is a projection fibre

A

connect hemisphere to deeper structure

eg internal capsule

MB3 Neurology (19 decks)

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