Neuroanatomy (1-18)

Question 1

Name the circumventricular organs

Answer 1

Pineal gland, median eminence of hypothalamus, subfornical organ, organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis, neurohypophysis, subcomissural organ, area postrema

Question 2

What is the major outflow tract of the basal ganglia?

Answer 2

Lenticular fasiculus (Forel’s Field H2)

Question 3

What structures make up Guillain-Mollaret’s triangle? What does a lesion cause?

Answer 3

Red nucleus, inferior olives, dentate nucleus of cerebellum

Myoclonus

Question 4

What are the two main afferent fibers reaching the cerebellum?

Answer 4

Climbing fibers from inferior olives

Mossy fibers

Question 5

How many cells from the inferior olive will synpase on cerebellar Purkinje cells? How many outputs do the Purkinje cells send?

Answer 5

1-10

1 output/Purkinje cell

Question 6

For pupillary dilation name:

location of first-order neuron, second-order neuron, and third-order neuron

Answer 6

1st: hypothalamus
2nd: pre-ganglionic neuron of sympathetics
3rd: post-ganglionic neuron of sympathtetics

Question 7

Placing an incision 3cm lateral to the anterior iliac spine for an anterior iliac crest graft avoids damage to what muscle, ligament, and nerve?

Answer 7

Sartorious muscle insertion
Ilioinguinal ligament
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Question 8

What is the largest region of the hippocampus and is most susceptible to hypoxia?

Answer 8

CA1

Question 9

What hippocampal region lies in the concavity portion of the dentate gyrus? Which region contains the largest pyramidal neurons?

Answer 9

CA4 is in concavity of dentate gyrus

CA3 contains the largest pyramidal neurons

Question 10

The perforant pathway connects which two structures?

Answer 10

Entorhinal cortex to dentate gyrus

Question 11

Mossy fibers of hippocampus are sent between which two structures?

Answer 11

Dentate gyrus to CA3

Question 12

After receiving mossy fibers, what two outputs does the hippocampus have and to where?

Answer 12

One pathway enters the alveus and follows fibers of fornix; other path involves Schaffer collaterals which go to CA1

Question 13

What is the main outflow of the hippocampus? Anatomically where does this structure go?

Answer 13

Fibers to the fornix
Forniceal fibers pass along splenium of corpus callosum and then the crura join to form the body which travel around rostral thalamus and then turn into anterior columns that curve ventrally to the Foramen of Monro. Fibers then split into precommisural and postcommisural fibers at the anterior commisure; precommisural fibers head to the septal nuclei and postcommisural travel to the mammilary body (i.e. Papez circuit)

Question 14

The anterior hippocampus sends efferents to what other temporally located structure?

Answer 14

Amygdala

Question 15

What is the indusium griseum?

Answer 15

Vestigial portion of hippocampus

Question 16

What functions is the hippocampus involved in? Bilateral lesions lead to what deficit?

Answer 16

Recent memory and encoding into long-term memory; lesions lead to lapses in short term memory and inability to acquire new skills

Question 17

Where would the lesion need to be to cause a central visual defect in one field and a superior temporal defect in the other field?

Answer 17

Anterior optic chiasm, damaging both the ipsilateral optic nerve and inferonasal fibers looping around

Question 18

Where do fibers controlling saccades begin, cortically?

What deep structure do they synapse at?

Answer 18

Begin in frontal eye fields (BA 8) and pass through internal capsule, decussate at pons, and synapse in paramedian pontine retiuclar formation. PPRF sends efferents to VI and III via MLF