neuro trivia Flashcards
The inverted omega controls motor to what body part? What sulcus?
hand
central sulcus
ACA controls what body parts? MCA?
ACA = legs
MCA = everything else
Do perivascular spaces contain CSF or interstitial fluid?
interstitial fluid
What foramen looks like a gun barrel on coronals?
FR
WHat foramen looks like a footprint?
ovale
WHat foramen looks like a footprint?
ovale
WHat foramen looks like a heel print?
spinosum
What are the two components of the jugular foramen?
pars nervosa
pars vascularis
Which is anterior/lateral, pars nervosa or jugularis?
pars nervosa is anterior/lateral
What does the pars nervosa contain?
CN 9 and jacobsons nerve
What nerves are in the pars vascularis?
CN 10 and 11
What nerves run in the cavernous sinus?
CN3
CN4
V1
V2
CN 6
What vessel run in the cavernous sinus?
carotid
What nerve in the cavernous sinus runs next to the carotid?
CN 6
What nerves are contained in superior orbital fissure?
CN3, CN4, V1 and CN6
What nerves are contained in inferior orbital fissure?
V2
What anatomical structure is contained in Dorello’s canal?
abducens
What is the mnemonic for the branching of the external carotid artery?
Some Admins Love Fucking Over Poor Medical Students
Is flow reversal in the carotid bulb normal or abnormal?
normal
Which branch of the ICA can have a retropharyngeal course?
cervical
ANeurysms of what ICA branch are associated with HTN?
cavernous
Persistent trigeminal artery connects which two vessels?
cavernous ICA to basilar
Persistent trigeminal increases the risk of developing what type of vascular abnormality?
branch point aneurysm
What sinus connects the ISS to the midline transverse sinus?
straight sinus
What sinus drains into the juncture of the ISS and straight sinus?
vein of Galen
What two structures drain into the vein of galen?
internal cerebral veins
basal veins of rosenthal
Which vein drains the cavernous sinus into the transverse sinus?
superior petrosal vein
Which vein drains the cavernous sinus into the IJ?
inferior petrosal vein
What two veins are connected by the vein of trolard?
superficial middle cerebral vein to SSS
What two veins are connected by the vein of labbe?
SMCV to transverse sinus
Which CN can get stretched in the brainstem herniates inferiorly?
CN6
What two structures are normally myelinated at birch?
brainsteam
posterior limb of internal capsule
What two directions does brain myelination occur in?
inferior –> superior
posterior –> anterior
What pituitary lobes are T1 hyperintense at birth?
both
What pituitary lobes are T1 hyperintense at birth?
both
What two sinuses are present at birth?
maxillary and ethmoid
What is the last sinus to develop?
frontal
Does the corpus callosum myelinate from front to back or back to front? What is the last structure to be myelinated/form?
front to back
rostrum
What is colpocephaly? What condition is it associated with?
dilated occipital horns of lateral ventricles
agenesis of splenium of corpus callosum
What intracranial lesion is associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum?
intra-cranial lipoma
Will anencephaly have oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios?
poly (can’t swallow without brain)
What lab will be elevated with anencephaly?
AFP
What is iniencephaly?
neural tube defect at the level of the cervical spine
What are the components of the Dandy Walker malformation?
- Vermian hypoplasia
- enlarged/cystic 4th ventricle
- torcula above lambdoid
What is the term for a fused cerebellum?
rhomboencephalosynapsis
What is elongated during joubert syndrome?
superior cerebellar peduncles
What three conditions are associated with Joubert syndrome?
retinitis pigmentosa
liver fibrosis
multicystic dysplastic kidneys
What is the definition of mega cisterna magna?
“cystic dilation of the retro-cerebellar CSF space”
What is the definition of blake pouch?
“sac like protrusion of CSF through foramen of magendie into the posterior fossa”
What is a blake pouch associated with?
hydro
At what week of gestation is vermis/vermian development complete?
18 weeks
Does the brain cleave/divide from front to back or back to front?
back to front
Where are the cerebral hemispheres fused during lobar holoprosencephaly?
frontal lobes
Where are the cerebral hemispheres fused during lobar holoprosencephaly?
frontal lobes
Will the thalamus be fused or separated during lobar holoprosencephaly?
separated
With semi-lobar HPE, which lobes are fused? How much?
frontal
> 50%
What is arhineencephaly?
congenital anosmia
What is arhineencephaly?
congenital anosmia
What are the three components of meckel gruber syndrome?
- occipital encephalocele
- multiple renal cysts
- poly-dactyl
What structures are absent or hypoplastic in septo-optic dyaplasia?
hypoplastic optic structures
absent septum pellucidum
What cleavage problem is septo-optic dysplasia associated with?
schizencephaly
What does hemi-megalencephaly look like?
unilateral cerebral hemisphere and lateral ventricle enlargement
What does Rasmussen Encephalitis look like?
atrophic cerebral hemisphere and enlarged lateral ventricle
What condition is associated with lissencephaly?
colpocephlay
What is band heterotopia associated with?
seizures
Type 2 Lissencephaly features what finding? Where? Why?
gray matter nodules
usually located near sylvian fissures
over migration of neurons
Type 2 Lissencephaly features what finding? Where?
gray matter nodules
usually located near sylvian fissures
What two conditions is Type 2 Lissencephaly associated with?
retinal detachment
muscular dystrophy
Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia is associated with what neurological condition?
seizures
Do heterotopias enhance?
no
What virus is responsible for south american PMG?
zika
Does porencephlaic cyst have a gray matter lining? What is it?
no
encephalomalacia
What three structures will be present with hydranencephaly?
- midbrain
- falx
- cerebellum
Will alobar HPE have a falx?
no
Will semi-lobar HPE have a falx?
usually not
All types of chiari malformation share what feature?
downward displaced cerebellum
What needs to be screen for with a type 1 chiari?
cervical cord syrinx
In addition to tonsillar herniation, what are the four classic features of Type 2 Chiari?
tectal beaking
low torcula
hydro
clival hypoplasia
Other than a cervical cord syrinx, what cervical spine abnormality is associated with Chiari I?
klippel feil
A type III chiari has the features of a type 2 chiari and what else?
occipital encephalocele
What are the three typical findings for mesial temporal sclerosis?
- reduced hippocampal volume
- increased T2 signal
- loss of morphology
what is the name of the brain volume hypothesis?
Monro-Kellie
What is the best sign for CSF shunt infection?
debris in ventricles
Does cytotoxic edema favor the grey or WM?
grey
Does vasogenic edema favor the grey or WM?
WM
Duret Hemorrhages are caused by what vessel?
“perforating basilar artery branches”
What is Kernohans Notch?
midbrain indentation on tentorium
What part of the pons is affected by demyelination?
central
What does Wernicke Encephalopathy look like on FLAIR?
T2 bright, medial thalamus
What can enhance with Wernicke Encephalopathy?
Mamillary bodies
What does Marchiafava-Bignami look like on MRI?
T2 bright and swollen corpus callosum
Chronic Marchiafava-Bignami can have cystic lesions where?
genu and splenium of corpus callosum
What part of the cerebellum atrophies with alcoholic use?
vermian
What can the basal ganglia look like with liver disease? What elements are deposited?
T1 bright basal ganglia
copper and/or manganese
What are the three classical findings of methanol toxicity?
- optic nerve atrophy
- putamen hemorrhage
- WM necrosis
What is medial, the putamen or globus pallidus?
GP
CO poisoning hit what part of the brain?
globus pallidus
Whole brain radiation can cause what sequela?
cavernous malformation
Post-XRT meningiomas occur at what time frame after therapy?
15 years
FLAIR or T2 for infra-tentorial MS lesions?
T2
What type of WM disease does not effect the callosal-septal interface?
ADEM
What is another name for NMO?
Devic’s Disease
What is another name for Hurst Disease?
Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis
What is another name for Binswanger’s Disease?
subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy
Does Binswangers/SAE effect GM, WM or both? Where specifically?
WM only
centrum semiovale
Binswangers in a patient under 40 should make you think of what disease?
CADASIL
What do CADASIL pt’s usually present with?
migraines
What lobe is classically effected during CADASIL?
temporal
What lobe is classically UN-effected during CADASIL?
occipital
Where will Alzheimer Disease display low FDG uptake?
posterior temporal/parietal lobes
What kind of hallucinations with Lewy Body Dementia?
visual
What comes first with lewy body dementia, parkinsonian features or dementia?
dementia
Are the hippocampi normal in lewy body dementia?
yes
What lobes are atrophied with Picks?
bi-frontal, symmetric
What lobes have decreased FDG uptake in Lewy body dementia?
lateral occipital
Where does Pick’s Disease have low FDG avidity in the brain?
frontal and temporal lobes
Where does Pick’s Disease have low FDG avidity in the brain?
frontal and temporal lobes
What part of brain is spared in lewy body dementia in regard to FDG avidity?
cingulate gyrus
What part of the basal ganglia is affected by Fahr disease first?
globus pallidus
What is the pathophysiology of Hallervorden Spatz disease?
iron deposition in the globus pallidus
What is the pathophysiology of Leigh Disease?
mitochondrial disorder
What does Leigh Disease look like on MRI?
T2 bright basal ganglia, brainstem and peduncles
Where does MELAS produce strokes?
gray matter of parietal/occipital
What suture is “beaked” in Hurler Disease?
metopic
What is enlarged in the brain with hurler syndrome?
peri-vascular spaces
What is the radiotracer for a DAT scan?
Ioflupane-123
What should the caudate look like on a normal DAT scan?
comma
What two structures are preserved in PSP (?) that are otherwise abnormal in parkinsonian diseases?
Midbrain
superior cerebellalar peduncles
What two parts of the brain are atrophhied during MSA?
pons
cerebellar peduncles
What atrophies during during Progressive Supranuclear Palsy?
Tegmentum
What does Wilson disease look like on MR?
T2 bright tegmentum
DBS leads need to be less than what distance from the midline?
< 9mm
What does PPM mean in regards to MRS?
one millionth of a larmor frequency
In regards to MRS, lipids are a marker of what?
brain necrosis
What two conditions feature an increased lactate peak?
anaerobic metabolism
cerebral abscess
When is it normal to see an elevated lactate peak?
first hours of life
What two peaks can superimpose of themselves?
lactate and lipids
What is an NAA a marker of?
neuronal viability
When is glutamine increased?
hepatic encephalopathy
When is creatinine decreased?
tumor necrosis
What is choline a marker for?
cell membrane turnover
ALD WM changes dominate in which two lobes ?
parietal and occipital
Which leukodystrophy can extend across the splenium?
ALD
What structure is spared during metachromatic leukodystrophy?
U-fibers
What structure is spared during metachromatic leukodystrophy?
U-fibers
WHat is the location of WM abnormality with metachromatic leukodystrophy?
peri-ventricular
What is the location of WM abnormality with alexander disease?
frontal
What is the location of WM abnormality with canavan disease?
bilateral, diffuse, U-fiber
