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Backup > Neuro things to memorize > Flashcards

Neuro things to memorize Flashcards

1
Q

Preoptic nucleus

A

Thermoregulation, salt intake, sleep

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2
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

key nucleus directly interfacing with endocrine and autonomic systems, glucose sensitive neurons

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3
Q

supraoptic nuclei

A

important for release of ADH, osmosensitive neurons

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4
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

circadian rhythms

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5
Q

sexually dimorphic nuclei

A

sexual orientation

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6
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

one of the tuberal nuclei, appetite and consumption, has two output systems: POMC and NPY, which inhibit and activate lateral hypothalamus, respectively

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7
Q

Lateral hypothalamic area

A

stimulation of LHA causes a desire to eat

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8
Q

Ventromedial nucleus

A

regulates satiety, strongly excitatory to POMC

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9
Q

dorsomedial nucleus

A

regulates complex integrative control of growth, feeding, maturation and reproduction

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10
Q

Tuberomamillary nucleus

A

all histaminergic axons originate here, maintenance of wakefulness, sleep, and circadian rhythm

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11
Q

5 output bundles of hypothalamus

A

mammillothalamic, mammillotegmental, median forebrain bundle, fornix, hypothalamohypophyseal

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12
Q

Fornix

A

connects mammillary bodies with hippocampus

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13
Q

Wernicke Korsakoff’s

A

degeneration in fornix and mammillary bodies causes amnesia and confusion

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14
Q

medial forebrain bundle

A

connects hypothalamus with brainstem, basal forebrain, amygdala, and cortex

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15
Q

tuberoinfundibular tract

A

connects arcuate nucleus to median eminence, releases dopamine to regulate secretion of prolactin from anterior pituitary

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16
Q

Neural inputs to hypothalamus

A

retina (RGCs to suprachiasmatic nucleus), Olfactory (indirect), spinohypothalamic (thermal and nociceptive), and viscerosensory (from baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and abdominal viscera via NTS), among others with unknown function

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17
Q

chemosensory inputs to hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamic chemosensory neurons (eg Malonyl CoA), hormone and steroid receptors (from pituitary, adipose tissue, gut), CVOs (SFO, VOLT, ME)

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18
Q

SFO

A

sensitive to CSF angiotensin II

19
Q

VOLT

A

sensitive to serum osmolality

20
Q

Median eminence

A

where hormones, peptides, etc cross BBB to hypothalamus

21
Q

major output targets of hypothalamus

A

anterior and posterior pituitary and pre-ganglionic autonomic efferent neurons

22
Q

Medial Preoptic area of Hypothalamus (MPOA)

A

heat sensitive, controls paraventricular, inhibits RPa and DMH

23
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus and posterior hypothalamus

A

cold sensitive, activates RPa

24
Q

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)

A

active in sleep, connected reciprocally with TMN

25
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

active during wakefulness, contains orexin, acts on VLPO, TMN, ARAS; also creates appetite

26
Q

narcolepsy

A

no orexin in LH neurons

27
Q

Short term hunger signals?

A

ghrelin - excitatory to NPY

Cholecystokinin - excitatory to POMC

28
Q

long term hunger signals?

A

Leptin - excitatory to POMC
Insulin - modulates ghrelin and leptin, glucoregulation
Monoamines: Norepi increases feeding, serotonin decreases feeding

29
Q

anterior cingulate lobe

A

social role

30
Q

posterior cingulate lobe

A

self-reference

31
Q

central component of amygdala

A

essentially part of ventral striatum, sends axons to brain stem to generate stereotypic responses to unpleasant/threatening stimuli

32
Q

three cholinergic groups of basal magnocellular corticopetal system

A

from medial to lateral:
medial septum/vertical diagonal
horizontal diagonal
nucleus basalis of meynert

33
Q

medial septum/vertical diagonal band of cholinergic cells

A

cholinergic innervation to hippocampus

34
Q

horizontal diagonal band

A

cholinergic innervation to olfactory bulb

35
Q

nucleus basalis of meynert

A

cholinergic innervation to cerebral cortex and amygdala

36
Q

functions of basal magnocellular corticopetal system

A

cortical arousal, selective attention, modulation of cortical plasticity

37
Q

Ascending 5ht system

A

from rostral nuclei; transmitted through median forebrain bundle to diencephalon, limbic system, striatum; transmitted through internal capsule to cerebral cortex

38
Q

Descending 5ht system

A

raphe magnus to spinalthalamic neurons in dorsal horn and obscurus to motor neurons in spinal cord

39
Q

raphe magnus

A

endogenous analgesia system; axons descend to all levels and terminate on interneurons containing enkephalin

40
Q

raphe obscurus

A

raphespinal system, innervates interneurons and motorneurons in ventral horn, regulates magnitude and timing of motor neurons, command system of complex stereotypical neurons

41
Q

locus ceruleus

A

in pons, most important noradrenaline nucleus; innervate whole CNS, end in dorsal horn, IML and ventral horn; responsible for direct arousal (opposite of 5HT); neurons are non-synaptically coupled; fed novel stimuli by thalamus; stress response and endogenous analgesia

42
Q

Mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus

A

output to frontal lobe association cortex, lesion causes memory deficits, apathy, perseverence

43
Q

pulvinar

A

output to association cortex in parietal lobe, visual, pain processing, language

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