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Terminology > Neuro Terminology > Flashcards

Neuro Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Allodynia

A

Non-noxious stimulus produces pain

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2
Q

Analgesia

A

Loss of pain sensitivity (inability to feel pain)

Do NOT get confused with analgesic - means it helps relieve pain

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3
Q

Causalgia

A

Burning painful sensation, often along nerve distruptions

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4
Q

Dysesthesia

A

Touch sensation produces pain

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5
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Heightened sensitivity to (pain) noxious stimuli

Noxious thresholds to stimulate are dropping

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6
Q

Hyperasthesia

A

Heightened sensitivity to sensory stimulus

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7
Q

Hypoalgesia

A

Decreased sensitivity to pain

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8
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal sensation with no apparent cause (eg. numbness, tingling)

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9
Q

Paresis

A

Muscle weakness

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10
Q

Tone

Definition & Abnormalities

A

Resistance of muscles to passive elongation while the individual is attempting to stay relaxed (residual contraction at rest)

Hypertonia: INC tonicity (above resting levels)
- Spasticiity
- Rigidity

Hypertonia: DEC tonicity (below normal resting levels)

Dystonia: disordered tonicity = contractions can cause twisting or withering mvmts &/or abnormal posturing

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11
Q

Spasiticity

Definition & Types

A

Velocity DEPENDENT resistance to passive elongation
INC stretch = INC resistance

CLASP-KNIFE RESPONSE - spastic catch followed by sudden inhibition (letting go) in response to a passive elongation of a muscle

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12
Q

Rigidity

Definition & Types

A

Velocity INDEPENDENT hypertonic state of muscle

LEADPIPE Rigidity: Constant uniform resistance throughout entire range of motion
COGWHEEL Rigidity: Hypertonic state with rachet-like jerkiness during muscle elongation

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13
Q

Dystonia

Definition & Types

A

A movement disorder that is characterized by involuntary twisting and repetitive mvmts, abnormal fixed postures, and disordered tone

Dystonic posturing: co-contaction of muscles causing a sustained abnormal posture

Generalized: start to develop dystonic postures/mvmts - normally starts in legs & moves up
Focal (only one body part): ex. torticollis
Segmental (affects two or more adjacent areas): ex torticollis + UE

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14
Q

Postural Control

A

The ability to maintain stability and orientation (with the COM over the BOS)

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15
Q

Postural Orientation

A

The ability to maintain appropraite control of body segments in relation to each other and gravity

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16
Q

Balance

A

Ability to maintain COM within the BOS. All forces acting on the body must be balanced in order to maintain balance

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17
Q

Center of Mass

A

An imaginary balancing point representing the average position of all the parts of the system according to their masses. Aslo known as Center of Gravity (CoG)

Naval - COM on a human

** COM does not have to be inside someone’s body - can lay outside

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18
Q

Base of Support

A

The area of the body or an extension of the body in contact witha support surface (ie chair or assistive device)

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19
Q

Limits of Stability (LOS)

A

The maximum distance that one can lean to without losing balance or having to change the BOS

COM in relation to that imaginary line

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20
Q

Apraxia

A

Motor planning.

The loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them

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21
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

An impairment in recognizing visually presented objects &/or ppl, despite otherwise normal visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, and memory. Patients can recognize objects using other sensory modalities

22
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Prosopagnosia (also known as face blindness or facial agnosia) is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces.

23
Q

Dysarthria

A

Motor speech disorder affecting the mm used to produce speech
- Speech may be slow, and/or slurred and can be difficult to understand

24
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language (speech or written) affecting comprehension &/or production

Receptive -> fluent -> Wernicke’s aphasia
Expressive -> Broca’s aphasia
Global aphasia

25
Q

Receptive Aphasia

A

Difficulty with comprehension of lanuage
- Speech flows smoothly & meldoy of speech is preserved

  • Fluent aphasia or Wernicke’s aphasia
26
Q

Expressive Aphasia

A

Diffulty with the production of speech
- Flow is slow & hestiant, limited vocabulary (content words), and impaired syntax (agrammatism)

Comprehension is not affected

27
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Diffculty with language comprehension and production
- Indictative of extensive brain damage
- Limited the pt’s ability to learn, t/f affects the outcomes of rehab

28
Q

Dysphagia

Definition & Complications

A

Difficulty swallowing
- Aspiration occurs in 1/3 of pt w/ dysphagia -> lead to respiratory distress, aspiration pneumonia, and possibly even death

  • If severe, Nothing-per-oral (NPO) prescautions / liquid orders are given = tube feeding
  • Dysphagia is associated with dehydration and poor nutritional status
29
Q

Cogntive Dysfunction: Memory

A

Impairment in alertness, orientation, attention, memory, or executive functions

Memory
- Short-term memory may be affected, long term memory unaffected
- Memory gaps may be filled with made-up stories or inappropriate words (confabulation)

30
Q

Cognitive Dysfunction: Perseveration

A

Impairment in alertness, orientation, attention, memory, or executive functions

Perseveration:
- Persistent repetition of words, thoughts, or gestures w/o appropriate context
- Pt gets “stuck” & repeats words or acts
* PT: Give the pt limits to stop OR assign a time in the day to think/do repeated actions

Often seen in stroke and autism

31
Q

Pseudobulbar Affect

A

Sudden & unpredictable outburts of crying, laughing, or other emotional displays not consistent with mood
- Quickly changes from one extreme to another
- Also known as emotional liability or emotional dysregulation syndrome

32
Q

Apathy

A

Blunted emotional response
- May be mislabeled as depressed or having poor motivation - Do NOT give up on patient or DEC lvl of care

33
Q

Euphoria

A

Exaggerated feelings of well-being and happiness that are not consistent w/ the context

34
Q

Depression

Definition and Affects

A

Persistent feelings of sadness
* PSEUDOMOTOR SLOWING - motor changes due to depressed state (not directly d/t stoke)

LT hemisphere lesions may experience more frequent and severe depression
- Not only a result of their physical impairments - must have something to do with the LT side of the brain

35
Q

Anosognosia

A

Anosognosia is a neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition.

It is associated with mental illness, dementia, and structural brain lesion, as is seen in right hemisphere stroke patients

36
Q

Somatagnosia

A

Asomatognosia is a neurological disorder characterized as loss of recognition or awareness of part of the body.

  • Not able to recognize body parts & relationships with each other & spatial relationships of those body parts
  • TEST: Take a doll & ask them to assemble it - usually put limbs/head in wrong spot
37
Q

Spatial Relations Syndromes

A

Difficulty perceiving relationships between self and objects in space. Inability to recognize vertical, horizontal, depth, and distance

38
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to intrepret sensory information (despite intact sensations). This results in an impairment in recognition
- Visual agnosia - use less visual clues, less clutter, good lighting
- Auditory agnosia - more visual/tactile cues, limit nosiy environments
- Tactile agnosia (astereognosis)

  • No issues with the structure responsible for the sense JUST cannot recognize it
39
Q

Apraxia

A

A motor disorder causing difficulty planning and peforming tasks or purposeful movements
- No primary motor impairments
- More evident with LEFT hemipshere damage

40
Q

What hemisphere lesion is more likely to experience apraxia?

A

LEFT hemisphere

41
Q

IDEATIONAL Apraxia

A

Inability to produce purposeful movement on command or automatically
- No idea how to do the movement (cannot conceptualize or plan)

42
Q

IDEOMOTOR Apraxia

A

Inability to produce purposeful movement on command, but is able to perform movement automatically
- can perform habitual tasks when not asked to do so, but cannot perform if asked to do so
- often perseverates

43
Q

Stupor

A

Almost unresponsive state. Can be aroused briefly with vigorous, repeated stimulation

44
Q

Obtuned

A

Decreased alertness. Sleeps often

45
Q

Anomia

A

Difficulty remembering names, proper nouns, or other abstract nouns

46
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Not remembering anything from the injury forward
- Likely to remember information prior to the insult/injury (ie recognize family/friends

47
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Not remembering events prior to injury
- May initially be very long, but may partially resolve. May never remember events leading up to injury

48
Q

Post-traumatic Amnesia

A

The time between the injury and when the patient is able to recall recent events

49
Q

Asthenia

A

Generalized muscle weakness commonly found in cerebellar lesions

50
Q

Paroxysmal

A

A fit, attack, or sudden increase or recurrence of symptoms (as of a disease)

51
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful or difficult urination

52
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Dyskinesias are involuntary, erratic, writhing movements of the face, arms, legs or trunk. They are often fluid and dance-like, but they may also cause rapid jerking or slow and extended muscle spasms.

Terminology (3 decks)

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