Neuro Quiz Flashcards
Aphasia
language disorder secondary to a brain pathology
MSDs
neurological damage that affects the motor control of speech muscles or motor programming of speech movements.
“abnormal speech articulation in the absence of a language disorder”
Dysarthria v. Apraxia
D: muscle weakness
A: motor planning/sequencing issues
Impairment features
Location: where in the nervous system
Magnitude: how much (size/#) of insult(s)
Nature: what is contributing to it/them?
What kills neurons?
lack of oxygen, pressure, neural transmitter disturbances and diaschisis
Diaschisis
if intact neurons have no lace to communicate with something else, they wither and die
Ischemic (occlusive) stroke
Thrombotic: slowly growing blockage
Embolic: clot travels from another part of the body and into a narrowed artery in the brain
TIAs: little strokes that last 24-72 hours
Hemorrhagic stroke
Extracerebral: bleeding inside the brain (Hematomas)
Intracerebral: bleeding inside the brain (anuerysm, AVM, Hypoperfusion)
AVM
Ateriovenous Malformation
nest of malformed arteries that draw out oxygen from the brain tissue and create pressure
Hypoperfusion
not getting enough oxygen or pressure in the circulatory system
Tumors
displace brain tissue and put pressure on the brain
Primary tumors
originate where found
-Benign (Astrocytoma - deep within tissue; Meningioma - slow growing)
-Malignant (Gliablastoma multiforme)
Secondary: metastatic
Herniations
pushed-pressed neuronal masses to where they shouldn’t be
Infections
Bacterial
- meningitis - in meninges and pia mater, arytenoid and CSF, cause inflammation and swelling.
- Brain abscesses - holes left in brain from infection
Viral: from the environment
- measles, mumps, insect bites
Hydrocephalus
enlargement of ventricles secondary to increased pressure.
- Obstructive: clogs CSF drainage = pressure
- Non-obstructive: impaired CSF reabsorbtion
Toxins
poisons to the CNS
little reversible damage
Disease
disorders of CNS secondary to changes in metabolism and nutrition
Head Injury
penetrating (high v. low velocity) and non-penetrating (acceleration v. non-acceleration)
Progressive Neurological Diseases
ALS, MS, HD, PPA, WD, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, PSP, Pick’s Disease
ALS
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Lou Gehrig’s
- motor neuron disease
- mixed dysarthria
- degeneration: ventral horns/spinal cord
- lose physical ability but mentally left intact
MS
Multiple Sclerosis
- unpredictable/inconsistent
- ataxic, spastic or mixed dysarthria
- attacks different systems
HD
Huntington’s Disease
- inherited
- chorea
- neuronal loss in basal ganglia
- causes unintelligibility, irritability and dementia
PPA
Primary Progressive Aphasia
- slow progressing
- initially only noticeable to the person who has it
WD
Wilson’s Disease
- too much copper in body
- inherited
- reduced intelligibility b/c 3 types of dysarthrias (spastic, ataxic and hypokinetic)
- eyeballs look yllow around pupils
Parkinson’s
- slowly progressing
- decrease in dopamine
- hypokinetic dysarthria
- tremor at rest
- bradykinesia and loss of postural reflexes
- no facial expression
- excessively small writing (micrography)
- rapid shuffling of feet
Alzheimer’s
- form of dementia
- different stages: memory, judgement, disorientation to familiar environments, changes in mood and personality
Pick’s Disease
- very clear pathological changes in frontal lobes that lead to dementia
- shrinkage in brain size (F & T lobes)
- social behaviors, judgement and insights deteriorate
Flaccid Dysarthria
hypernasal breathy speech with imprecisely articulated consonants
Spastic Dysarthria
harsh, strained speech with slow speaking rate, low pitch and imprecisely articulated consonants
Ataxic Dysarthria
irregular prosody, long pauses, imprecisely articulated consonants
Hypokinetic Dysarthria
decreased loudness and pitch, pauses and imprecisely articulated consonants
Hyperkinetic Dysarthria
variable rate and loudness, distorted vowels
Mixed Dysarthria
combinations of any other types
Broca’s Aphasia
nonfluent ungrammatical speech. naming is deficient. trouble with multi-step commands. reading affected.
Aphemia
muteness or nonfluent speech where comprehension is still in tact
Wernicke’s Aphasia
fluent but meaning is obscured. auditory comprehension impaired.
pure word deafness
selective loss of auditory comprehension and repetition with preserved naming, reading and writing.
Global Aphasia
nonfluent/mute, all language impaired
Conduction Aphasia
fluent, impaired repetition
Anomic Aphasia
naming ability impaired. fluent with pauses
