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neuro ppt 2 > Neuro ppt 2 > Flashcards

Neuro ppt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which tract enters the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle and carries signals about muscle contraction and body position?

A

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

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2
Q

What is the function of the Vestibulocerebellum?

A

Controls postural and equilibrium adjustments.

  • Coordinates with vestibular apparatus and vestibular nuclei in controlling equilibrium and postural adjustments
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3
Q

Which cerebellar region fine-tunes reciprocal actions of agonist/antagonist muscles in hand and finger movements?

A

Spinocerebellum

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4
Q

The cerebrocerebellum coordinates which type of motor activities?

A

Sequential motor activities initiated by the cerebral cortex.

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter transmits inhibitory signals between the substantia nigra and the putamen?

A

Dopamine

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6
Q

Name two circuits of the basal ganglia and their primary functions.

A

Putamen Circuit: Controls complex movement patterns (e.g., typing).
Caudate Circuit: Generates rapid, subconscious movement patterns.

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7
Q

Which basal ganglia circuit involves signals from premotor areas and coordinates movement through the primary motor cortex?

A

Putamen Circuit

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8
Q

Reflexes and rhythmic movements are controlled at which level of the motor system?

A

Spinal cord

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9
Q

What is the primary role of the hindbrain in motor control?

A

Maintains balance and adjusts muscle tone to maintain equilibrium.

(Maintains axial body tone for standing and continuously modifies muscle tone to maintain equilibrium in response to signals from vestibular apparatuses)

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10
Q

Which accessory motor control structure monitors and adjusts motor activity during rapid movement?

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

Which association area of the cerebral cortex interprets somatosensory, visual, and auditory signals?

A

Parieto-Occipitotemporal Association Area

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12
Q

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for which functions?

A
  • Working memory
  • Problem solving
  • Ordering of tasks to achieve a goal
  • Ability to perform tasks in parallel
  • Modulation of mood, social interactions, and motivation
  • Ability to carry through a train of thought
  • Elaboration of thought
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13
Q

How does the corpus callosum assist in brain communication?

A

It allows bidirectional communication between the two cerebral hemispheres.

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14
Q

What is the primary entry point for sensory signals in the cerebral cortex?

A

Layer IV

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15
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

The process of converting short-term memory into long-term memory through repeated activation and synaptic changes.

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16
Q

What are the three types of memory based on timing?

A

Short-term: Seconds to minutes
Intermediate long-term: Days to weeks
Long-term: Lifetime

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17
Q

Declarative memory stores details of what?

A

Surroundings, time relationships, and meanings of experiences.

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18
Q

Which brain structure is critical for classifying memories to facilitate retrieval?

A

Hippocampus

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19
Q

Which neurotransmitter produces excitatory signals in the basal ganglia?

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

Wernicke’s area is responsible for what function?

A

Language comprehension.

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21
Q

Broca’s area is responsible for what function?

A

Language formation.

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22
Q

What allows anterior portions of the temporal lobes to communicate bidirectionally?

A

Anterior commissure

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23
Q

Which tract sends motor signals to the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract

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24
Q

Which cerebellar tract transmits sensory signals to the reticular formation?

A

Spinoreticular Tract

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25
Q

What role does the spino-olivary tract play in the cerebellum?

A

Transmits signals from the spinal cord to the inferior olivary nucleus to cerebellum

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26
Q

Which basal ganglia circuit is associated with rapid and subconscious movement patterns?

A

Caudate Circuit

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27
Q

What is the role of GABA in the basal ganglia?

A

Inhibitory signal transmission between caudate nucleus/putamen and globus pallidus/substantia nigra.

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28
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in signal transmission from the cerebral cortex to the caudate nucleus and putamen?

A

Acetylcholine

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29
Q

What structures connect the two hemispheres of the brain for communication?

A

Corpus callosum and anterior commissure

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30
Q

What is the function of the anterior commissure?

A

Allows bidirectional communication between the anterior portions of the temporal lobes.

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31
Q

What is the primary sensory entry point in the thalamocortical system?

A

Thalamus

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32
Q

Which type of memory is associated with motor activities?

A

Skill memory

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33
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Regulates behavior, emotion, and motivation.

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34
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for language comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area

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35
Q

Which cerebral cortex area is involved in planning complex sequences of movement? and thought processes?

A

Prefrontal Association Area

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36
Q

How do layers II and III of the cerebral cortex contribute to brain function?

A

Send signals across hemispheres via the corpus callosum.

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37
Q

Which neurotransmitter produces excitatory signals in the basal ganglia?

A

Glutamate

38
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory

39
Q

What is rehearsal re. memory?

A

Repeated activation of ‘memory strand’ initiates chemical, physical, and anatomical changes of the synapses, more frequent repetition accelerates rate of consolidation

40
Q

Codification is:

A

Classification of memories relative to existing memories to facilitate memory retrieval

41
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of ability to form new declarative memories

42
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Difficulty recalling past memories

o May occur in conjunction with anterograde amnesia in event of hippocampal injury, or independent of anterograde amnesia in event of thalamic injury

43
Q

Memory storage: Short term

A

Reverberating circuits or presynaptic facilitation/inhibition

44
Q

Memory storage: Intermediate long-term

A

Temporary chemical or physical changes of presynaptic terminals or postsynaptic cell membranes

45
Q

Memory storage: long-term

A

Structural changes

46
Q

What are the structural changes of long-term memory?

A

Increased number of vesicle release sites
* Increased number of transmitter vesicles
* Increased number of presynaptic terminals
* Changes in structure of dendritic spines to allowing transmission of stronger signals

47
Q

Declarative memory

A

Details of a memory (e.g., surroundings, time relationships, meaning of experience)

48
Q

What is a thought?

A

Pattern of neural activity within central nervous system (e.g., cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system, reticular formation)

49
Q

What is conciousness?

A

“…continuing stream of awareness of either our surroundings or our sequential thoughts.”

50
Q

what is a memory?

A

Memory: Stored in brain by altering sensitivity of synaptic transmission due to previous neural activity

51
Q

What is the function of an Association Area?

A

“…receive and analyze signals simultaneously from multiple regions of both the motor and sensory cortices…”

52
Q

What is the function of the Prefrontal Association Area?

A

Receives ‘pre-analyzed’ sensory information from parieto-occipitotemporal association area via subcortical nerve bundle in order to plan complex sequences of movement and initiate thought processing

** Capable of processing non-motor sensory information and storing ‘working memories’

53
Q

Function of the Limbic Association Area:

A

Involved in regulation of behavior, emotion, and motivation
* Emotional drives activate other areas of brain

54
Q

Cerebral cortices have independent capability for:

A

consciousness, memory storage, communication, and motor control

55
Q

Dominant Hemisphere:

A
  • Dominant Hemisphere: Concept that general interpretative functions and motor control are better developed in one cerebral hemisphere
  • In 95% of population, left hemisphere is larger at birth (e.g.., Wernicke’s/Broca’s areas), resulting in preferential use of this side of developing brain
  • Dominance of left cerebral cortex motor cortex provides right-hand dominance in 90% of population
56
Q

What is the Angular gyrus?

A

a visual association area that transmits signals created by reading words to Wernicke’s area

57
Q

Peripheral Afferent Tracts to Cerebellum: (4)

A
  • Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract:
  • Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract:
  • Spinoreticular Tract:
  • Spino-Olivary Tract:
58
Q

Efferent Tracts from Cerebellum: (3)

A

Vestibulocerebellum

Spinocerebellum

Cerebrocerebellum

59
Q

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract pathway

A

Spinal fibers enter cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle and terminate in vermis and intermediate zones on ipsilateral side

60
Q

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract signal origin

A

Signals primarily originate from muscle spindles as well as Golgi tendon organs, tactile receptors of the skin, and joint receptors

61
Q

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract signals indicate:

A

Signals indicate status of muscle contraction, tension on muscle tendons, position and rate of movement of body parts, and surface forces

62
Q

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract pathway

A

Spinal fibers enter cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle and terminate bilaterally

63
Q

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract origin

A

Signals primarily originate from anterior horn of spinal cord

64
Q

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract signals indicate:

A

Signals indicate arrival of motor signals to anterior horn

65
Q

Vestibulocerebellum pathway

A

Vermis → fastigial nuclei → medulla and pons

66
Q

Vestibulocerebellum function

A

Coordinates with vestibular apparatus and vestibular nuclei in controlling equilibrium and postural adjustments

67
Q

Spinocerebellum pathway

A

Intermediate Zone → interposed nucleus → thalamus → cerebral cortex → thalamus → basal ganglia → red nucleus and reticular formation

68
Q

Spinocerebellum function

A

Coordinates reciprocal actions of agonist/antagonist muscles in hands and fingers

69
Q

Cerebrocerebellum pathway:

A

Lateral Zone → dentate nucleus → thalamus → cerebral cortex

70
Q

Cerebrocerebellum function:

A

Coordinates sequential motor activities initiated by cerebral cortex

71
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

Accessory motor system that functions with cerebral cortex and corticospinal tract

72
Q

Basal ganglia structures:

A

Structures include caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus
* Structures surround thalamus

73
Q

Putamen circuit function:

A

Coordinate with corticospinal tract to control complex patterns of movement

74
Q

Putamen circuit signal pathway

A

Initiate in premotor, supplementary motor, and somatosensory areas,

  • Signals are transmitted through putamen, internal portion of globus pallidus, and ventroanterior/ventrolateral nuclei of thalamus
  • Accessory circuits are transmitted through external portion of globus pallidus, subthalamus, and substantia nigra
  • Signals return to primary motor cortex
75
Q

Caudate circuit signal pathway

A
  • Signals are initiated in association areas of cerebral cortex
  • Signals are transmitted through caudate nucleus, internal portion of globus pallidus, and ventroanterior/ventrolateral nuclei of thalamus
  • Signals return to prefrontal, premotor, and supplementary motor areas
76
Q

Accessory motor control structures: (3)

A

Cerebellum, basal ganglia, limbic system

77
Q

Cerebellum functions (3)

A
  • Interacts with spinal cord to enhance stretch reflex
  • Controls axial body to maintain equilibrium
  • Interacts with cerebral cortex to sequence, monitor, and adjust motor activity during rapid movement
78
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

Facilitates execution of learned movement patterns and plans parallel and sequential patterns of movement

79
Q

Function of limbic system

A

Motivational system that includes the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

80
Q

Function of spinal cord

A

Reflexes, rhythmic movement, reciprocal movement; may be commanded or inhibited by higher levels

81
Q

Function of motor cortex

A

Transmits motor signals to spinal cord that may modify or bypass spinal cord signals

82
Q

Function of Parieto-Occipitotemporal Area

A

Performs continuous analysis of visuospatial information to coordinate movement of body and understand surroundings

83
Q

What is the Parieto-Occipitotemporal Area?

A

Area between posterior parietal cortex and superior occipital cortex receives visual sensory information from posterior occipital cortex and somatosensory information from anterior parietal cortex

84
Q

Cerebral cortex layers Layers I & II:

A

Receive diffuse input for excitability control

85
Q

Cerebral cortex layers Layers V & VI:

A

Project to brain stem and spinal cord, controlling signal transmission and influencing thalamic activity

86
Q

Cerebral cortex histologic structure (3)

A
  • Granular: Interneurons that transmit signals only short distances
  • Pyramidal: Long, large neurons that transmit signals to spinal cord as well as subcortical association fiber bundles
  • Fusiform: Similar function as pyramidal cells
87
Q

Cerebral cortex connection types: (2)

A
  • Horizontal Connections: Communicate between adjacent areas of brain
  • Vertical Connections: Communicate between cerebral cortex and lower levels of central nerve system
88
Q

Thalamocortical System

A

Two way communication between thalamus and multiple areas of cerebral cortex

  • Most sensory information is transmitted to cerebral cortex by thalamus
  • Primary motor cortices have direct connections to specific muscles and primary somatosensory cortices detect specific sensations
  • Secondary areas help to discern signals from the primary cortices
89
Q

Dopamine’s role in basal ganglia

A

Involved in inhibitory signal transmission between the substantia nigra and caudate nucleus/putamen

90
Q

Neurotransmitters of the basal ganglia:

A
  • Dopamine
  • GABA
    *Acetylcholine
    *Glutamate
  • Norepinephrine
  • serotonin
  • enkephalin

neuro ppt 2 (2 decks)

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