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Physiology & Anatomy > Neuro Physiology and Anatomy > Flashcards

Neuro Physiology and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperopia (farsighted)

A

Eye cannot focus on nearby objects because light focuses behind the retina (due to shortness of the eye or an inability of the lens to become convex)

Tx: convex lens

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2
Q

Myopia (nearsighted)

A

Eye cannot focus on distant objects because light focuses in front of the retina (due to length of the eye or an inability of the lens to flatten out)

Tx: biconcave lens

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3
Q

Astigmatism

A

Abnormal curvature of cornea, resulting in different refractive power at different axes

Tx: cylindric lens

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4
Q

Presbyopia

A

Decrease in focusing ability during accommodation due to sclerosis and decreased elasticity; often age-related. The “near point” (closest point on which one can focus by accommodation of the lens) moves farther from the eye

Tx: convex lens

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5
Q

CN III damage

A

Affects eye movement (SR, IR, MR, IO), pupillary constriction (sphincter pupillae), accommodation (ciliary muscle), eyelid opening (levator palpebrae)

Causes “down and out” eye, pupillary dilation, loss of accommodation, and ptosis

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6
Q

CN IV damage

A

Affects SO; eye looks upward with adduction

Head tilt toward the side of the lesion / the unaffected eye

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7
Q

CN VI damage

A

Affects LR; eye looks medially

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8
Q

Lesion in somatosensory cortex

A

Contralateral sensory deficit; may be associated with UPN-type weakness, visual field deficits, and aphasia

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9
Q

Lesion in VPL

A

Contralateral sensory deficit; larger deficits may involve the internal capsule (hemiparesis)

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10
Q

Lesion in the lateral pons or lateral medulla

A

Affects the anterolateral pathways and spinal trigeminal nucleus

Contralateral loss of pain and T sensation in the body, and Ipsilateral loss of pain and T sensation in the face

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11
Q

Lesion in the medial medulla

A

Affects the medial lemniscus

Contralateral loss of vibration and joint position sense

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12
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Produces orexin (hypocretin), which stimulates hunger and wakefulness. Inhibited by leptin.

Destruction causes anorexia or failure to thrive in infants, and narcolepsy (due to decreased orexin/hypocretin production).

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13
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Controls satiety. Stimulated by leptin. Destruction (e.g. craniopharyngioma) causes hyperphagia and aggressive, savage behavior.

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14
Q

Anterior hypothalamus

A

Lowers T via PSNS. Stimulated by increased heat.
Location of osmoreceptors (controls ADH release)

“A/C” of the hypothalamus

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15
Q

Posterior hypothalamus

A

Increases T via sympathetics. Stimulated by decreased heat.

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16
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Responsible for circadian rhythm

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17
Q

Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

Produces ADH

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18
Q

Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

A

Produces oxytocin

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19
Q

Ventroposteriolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus

A

Pressure, touch, vibration and proprioception (from the dorsal columns/medial lemniscus); pain and T (from the spinothalamic)

Projects to primary somatosensory cortex

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20
Q

Ventroposteriomedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus

A

Face sensation and taste from the trigeminal and gustatory pathway (via the solitary nucleus)

Projects to primary somatosensory cortex

“Make-up goes on the face”

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21
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus

A

Vision via CN II

Projects to calcarine sulcus (primary visual cortex)

“L = Light”

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22
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus

A

Hearing via superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

Projects to auditory cortex of temporal lobe

“M=Music”

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23
Q

Ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus

A

Motor via basal ganglia and cerebellum

Projects to motor cortex

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24
Q

Deep nuclei of cerebellum (lateral –> medial)

A

Lateral to medial: Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial

“Don’t Eat Greasy Foods”

25
Q

Lesion of lateral cerebellum

A

Affects voluntary movement of extremities. Intention tremor.

Fall toward injured (ipsilateral) side

26
Q

Lesion of medial cerebellum

A

Truncal ataxia, nystagmus, head tilting, wide-based (cerebellar gait), deficits in truncal coordination, dysarthria

Midline lesions usually result in bilateral motor deficits affecting axial and proximal limb musculature.

27
Q

Lesion of globus pallidus

A

Inability to maintain postural support

28
Q

Lesion of subthalamic nucleus

A

Contralateral hemiballismus

29
Q

Lesion of striatum

A

Huntington’s disease (atrophy of caudate nucleus)

30
Q

Lesion of substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease

31
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

Caused by damage to bilateral amygdalas (associated with HSV-1)

Causes hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior

32
Q

Lesion of right parietal-temporal cortex

A

Spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of contralateral side of world)

33
Q

Lesion of left parietal-temporal cortex

A

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation

34
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Damage to bilateral mammilary bodies due to thiamine (B1) deficiency; can be precipitated by giving glucose without B1 to a B1-deficient patient

Wernicke: confusion, ataxia, nystagmus
Korsakoff: memory loss, confabulation, personality changes

35
Q

Lesion to paramedian pontine reticular formation

A

Eyes look away from side of lesion. Loss of horizontal saccades towards side of lesion

36
Q

Lesion to frontal eye fields

A

Eyes look toward lesion. Normally, stimulation of frontal eye fields cause conjugate gaze contralateral to the stimulation

37
Q

Stroke of anterior spinal artery

A

Medial medullary syndrome. Stroke commonly bilateral.

  • Contralateral hemiparesis (lateral corticospinal tract)
  • Decreased contralateral proprioception (medial lemniscus)
  • Ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction (caudal medulla)
38
Q

Stroke of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

A

Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome

  • Vomiting, vertigo, and nystagmus (vestibular nuclei)
  • Decreased pain and T sensation from ipsilateral face and contralateral body (lateral spinothalamic tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus)
  • Dysphagia, hoarseness, and decreased gag reflex (nucleus ambiguus)
  • Ipsilateral Horner syndrome (sympathetic fibers)
  • Ataxia, dysmetria (inferior cerebellar peduncle)
39
Q

Stroke of anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

A

Lateral pontine syndrome

  • Vomiting, vertigo, and nystagmus (vestibular nuclei)
  • Paralysis of face, decreased lacrimation and salivation, decreased taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, decreased corneal reflex (facial nucleus)
  • Ipsilateral hearing deficit (cochlear nuclei)
  • Ipsilateral Horner syndrome (sympathetic fibers)
  • Ataxia, dysmetria (middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles)
40
Q

Stroke of basilar artery

A

Produces “locked-in” syndrome

41
Q

Lesion of anterior communicating artery

A

Common site of saccular (berry) aneurysm

Produces visual field deficits

42
Q

Lesion of posterior communicating artery

A

Common site of saccular (berry) aneurysm

Produces CN3 palsy

43
Q

Clinical reflexes

A

S1, 2 - “buckle my shoe” (Achilles reflex)
L3, 4 - “kick the door” (patellar reflex)
C5, 6 - “pick up sticks” (biceps reflex)
C7, 8 - “lay them straight” (triceps reflex)

L1, L2 - “testicles move” (cremaster reflex)
S3, S4 - “winks galore” (anal wink reflex)

44
Q

Corneal reflex

A

V1 ophthalmic (nasociliary branch) –> VII (temporal branch: orbicularis oculi)

45
Q

Lacrimation reflex

A

V1 ophthalmic –> VII (temporal branch)

46
Q

Jaw jerk reflex

A

V3 (sensory, muscle spindle from masseter) –> V3 (motor, masseter)

47
Q

Pupillary reflex

A

II –> III

48
Q

Gag reflex

A

IX –> X

49
Q

Structures transversing cribiform plate

A

CN I olfactory bundles

50
Q

Structures transversing optic canal

A

CN II, opthalmic artery, central retinal vein

51
Q

Structures transversing superior orbital fissure

A

CN III, IV, V(1), VI; opthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers

52
Q

Structures transversing foramen rotundum

A

CN V(2) - maxillary branch

53
Q

Structures transversing foramen ovale

A

CN V(3) - mandibular branch

54
Q

Structures transversing foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein

55
Q

Structures transversing internal acoustic meatus

A

CN VII, VIII

56
Q

Structures transversing jugular foramen

A

CN IX, X, XI, jugular vein

57
Q

Structures transversing hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII

58
Q

Structures transversing foramen magnum

A

Spinal roots of CN XI, brain stem, vertebral arteries

Physiology & Anatomy (6 decks)

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