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NEURO PHYSIO Flashcards

1
Q

AXON TERMINAL to SOMA (CELL BODY)

Recycles synaptic vesicle membrane for lysosomal degradation

A

Retrograde Axonal Transport

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2
Q

What do you call the death of the axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected?

A

ANTEROGRADE/ORTHOGRADE DEGENERATION

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3
Q

What do you call the changes to the soma after an axon is transected?

A

AXONAL REACTION/ CHROMATOLYSIS

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4
Q

Axonal regeneration occurs better in the CNs or PNS?

A

PNS

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5
Q

Used by a neuron to communicate with another neuron across a SYNAPSE

Maybe excitatory, inhibitory or both

A

NUEROTRANSMITTERS

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6
Q

Secreted by neurons in many areas:

  • LARGE PYRAMIDAL CELLS IN MOTOR CORTEX
  • BASAL GANGLIA (NUCLEUS BASALIS OF MEYNERT)
  • SKELETAL MUSCLES
  • ALL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS OF ANS
  • POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS OF PARASYMPATHETIC NS
  • SOME POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS OF SYMPATHETIC NS
A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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7
Q

Synthesis: uses ACETYL COA and CHOLINE

A

Enzyme: CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE

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8
Q

Degradation: produces ACETATE and CHOLINE

A

Enzyme: ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

CHOLINE is recycled

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9
Q

Is deficient in ALZHEIMER’s DISEASE

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

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10
Q

Found mainly in the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS COMPACTA AND VENTRAL SEGMENTAL AREA

A

Dopamine

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11
Q

Degraded by MAO (IN PRESYNAPTIC NERVE TERMINALS), COMT (IN TISSUES INCLUDING LIVER)

A

Dopamine

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12
Q

Dopamine deficiency

A

PARKINSON’s DISEASE

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13
Q

Dopamine excess

A

SCHIZOPHRENIA

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14
Q 
Secreted by many neurons:
BRAIN STEM
HYPOTHALAMUS
LOCUS CERULEUS IN THE PONS
POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS OF SYMPATHETIC NS
A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

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15
Q

Control overall activity and mood of the mind, such as increasing the level of WAKEFULNESS

may be EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY

NE and Epi acts on ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

A

NE and Epi

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16
Q

ILOCUS NORte

A

LOCUS ceruleus = NORepinephrine

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17
Q

Phenylalanine derivatives

A

“PARE, TRUE LOVE DOES NOT EXIST to ME”

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
L-Dopa
Dopamine
NE
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Melanin
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18
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

“TRIP MO SYA NOH?”

Tryptophan
Melatonin
Serotonin
Niacin

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19
Q

Secred mainly by the MEDIAN RAPHE OF THE BRAIN STEM

A

Serotonin

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20
Q

Inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord

A

Serotonin

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21
Q

“happy hormone”

Low levels seen in clinical depression

A

Serotonin

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22
Q

From Tryptophan (W)

A

Serotonin

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23
Q

In the pineal gland, it is converted to MELATONIN

A

Serotonin

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24
Q

Serotonin

A

“Si MRS mahilig sa Dark na Tsokolate”

Median Raphe: Serotonin

converted to Melatonin (Dark)
comes from Tryptophan

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25
Q

Secreted in areas of the brain responsible for long term behavior and memory

A

Nitric Oxide

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26
Q

From Arginine

A

Nitric Oxide

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27
Q

Short acting inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Nitric Oxide

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28
Q

Differences from other NTs:
not performed and stored in vesicles
- synthesized almost instantly as needed
- PERMEANT GAS THAT DIFFUSES TOWARDS ITS TARGET CELL

A

Nitric Oxide

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29
Q

From Histidine

A

HISTAMINE

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30
Q

Located mainly within the TUBEROMAMMILLARY NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

A

Histamine

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31
Q

Involved in control of AROUSAL, SLEEP AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

A

Histamine

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32
Q

INHIBITORY nuerotransmitter usually found in SPINAL INTERNEURONS

A

GLYCINE

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33
Q

Increases CHLORIDE INFLUX

A

GLYCINE

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34
Q

The number one INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the brain (spiny neurons of striatum, Purkinje cells of cerebellum)

A

GABA

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35
Q

Comes from GLUTAMATE

A

GABA

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36
Q

Increases chloride influx (GABAs) or Potassium Efflux (GABAs)

A

GABA

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37
Q

The number one EXCITATORY neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GLUTAMATE

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38
Q

ENKEPHALINS, ENDORPHINS, DYNORPHINS

A

OPIOID PEPTIDES

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39
Q

Inhibit neurons in the brain involved in the perception of pain

A

OPIOID PEPTIDES

40
Q

In specific areas of the BRAIN, PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS, GI PLEXUS NEURONS

A

SUBSTANCE P

41
Q

Involved in pain transmission

A

Substance P

42
Q

SOMA (CELL BODY) to AXON TERMINAL

Replenishes synaptic vesicles and enzymes for NT synthesis

A

Anterograde Axonal Transport

43
Q

Potential difference that exist across the membrane

A

Resting Membrane Potential

44
Q

Exhibited by ALMOST ALL CELLS

A

Resting Membrane Potential

45
Q

By convention, refers to the INTRAcellular charge

A

Resting Membrane Potential

46
Q

Typically -70mV

A

Resting Membrane potential

47
Q

Caused by:
NERNST POTENTIAL FOR Na and K DIFFUSION

Na-K LEAK CHANNELS OR K LEAK CHANNELS

Na-K-ATPase (-4mV)

A

Resting Membrane Potential

48
Q

Exhibited by EXCITABLE CELLS ONLY

A

Action Potential

49
Q

Basis for RMP and AP

A

Ion channels

50
Q

Opening of Na-activation gates that causes SODIUM INFLUX

A

DEPOLARIZATION

51
Q

Closure of Na-Inactivation gates that STOPS SODIUM INFLUX

A

REPOLARIZATION

52
Q

Opening of potassium gates that CAUSES POTASSIUM EFFLUX

A

REPOLARIZATION

53
Q

SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS OF NEURONS

A

TETRADOTOXIN (puffer fish)

SAXITOXIN (red-tide)

54
Q

POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER OF NEURONS

A

TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM

55
Q

What stimulates nerve depolarization in the first place?

A

MECHANICAL DISTRUBANCE, CHEMICALS, ELECTRICITY

56
Q

Time periods in an action potential during which a new stimulus cannot be readily elicited

A

REFRACTORY PERIOD

57
Q

Another action potential cannot be elicited no matter how large the stimulus

A

ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD

58
Q

Coincides with almost the entire duration of e action potential

A

ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD

59
Q

Inactivation gates of the Na channel are closed when the membrane potential is depolarized and remain closed until repolarization occurs

A

IONIC BASIS OF ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD

60
Q

NO ACTION POTENTIAL CAN OCCUR UNTIL THE Na-INACTIVATION GATES OPEN

A

IONIC BASIS OF ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD

61
Q

Begins at the end of the absolute refractory perriod and continues until the membrane potential returns to the resting level

A

RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD

62
Q

Action potential can be elicited ONLY IF A LARGER THAN USUAL INWARD CURRENT IS PROVIDED

A

RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD

63
Q

During RRP, K+ conductase is elevated (opposes depolarization

A

IONIC BASIS OF RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD

64
Q

Membrane potential is closer to the K+ equilibrium potential and farther from threshold

A

IONIC BASIS OF RRP

65
Q

MORE INWARD CURRENT is required to bring the membrane to threshold

A

IONIC BASIS OF RRP

66
Q

When a cell is depolarized so SLOWLY such that the THRESHOLD POTENTIAL IS PASSES WITHOUT FIRING AN ACTION POTENTIAL

A

ACCOMODATION

67
Q

In an excitable cell such as the heart muscle, what is the effect of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia respectively?

A

HYPERKALEMIA - depolarizes the ❤️

HYPOKALEMIA- hyperpolarizes the ❤️

68
Q

Synaptic inputs that depolarize the postsynaptic cell

A

EXCITATORY POST-SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL

69
Q

Synaptic inouts that hyperpolarize the post-synaptic cell

A

INHIBITORY POST-SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL

70
Q

Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell simultaneously

A

SPATIAL SUMMATION

71
Q

Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell in rapid succession

A

TEMPORARY SUMMATION

72
Q

Repeate stimulation causes response of postsynaptic cell to be greater than expected

A

NERVE FACILITATION

73
Q

Increase released of NT and increased sensitivity to the NT

A

LONG-TERM POTENTIATION

74
Q

Repeated stimulation causes decreases response of postsynpatic cell

A

SYNAPTIC FATIGUE

75
Q

Some sensory signals need to be transmitted at different speeds (slow or fast)

A

NERVE FIBERS

76
Q

Type A nerve fibers VS Type C nerve fibers

A

Thicker

More myelinated

Faster

77
Q

Which is more powerful in creating new memories (takes precedence over the other)

A

PUNISHMENT AND FEAR - powerful

PLEASURE AND REWARD

78
Q

Regulate activity of many physiological processes including heart rate, blood pressure, body core temperature and blood levels of hormones

A

BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

79
Q

MASTE CLOCK of all biological clocks in the human body

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

80
Q

Neurons retain synchronized, rhythmical firing patterns even though they are isolated from the rest of the brain

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

81
Q

Destuction causes loss of circasian functions

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

82
Q

REGULATES circadian rhythms

A

Pineal gland

83
Q

Secretes a hormone MELATONIN that is synthesized by SEROTONIN

A

Pineal gland

84
Q

Increased during darkness

85
Q

Inhibited by daylight

86
Q

Controlled by sympathetic nerve activity, which is regulated by light signals from the retina

87
Q

Recording of neuronal electrical activity

88
Q

Important diagnostic tool in clinicak neurology

89
Q

Awake

Eyes closed (8-13Hz)

RELAX STATE

A

ALOHA WAVES

90
Q

Awake

Eyes open (13-30Hz)

ALERT STATE

A

BETA WAVES

91
Q

Brain disorders and degenerative brain states (4-7Hz)

A

THETA WAVES

92
Q

Deep sleep, organic brain disease, infants (0.5-4Hz)

A

DELTA WAVE

93
Q

Total amount of CSF in the brain

94
Q

Amount of CSF produced per day

95
Q

Function of CSF

A

CUSHIONING

96
Q

CSF PATHWAY

A 
Lateral ventricles
Foramen of Monroe
Third ventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius, fourth ventricle
Foramen of Magendie (1) and Luschka (2)
Subarachnoid space over the brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid granulations
Dural venous sinus blood

PHYSIO (9 decks)

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