Neuro pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Alzheimer’s Disease
A
- progressive neuro disorder that results in deterioration and irreversible damage within the cerebral cortex and sub cortical areas of the brain.
- initially noted by a change in higher cortical function characterized by sublet changes in memory, impaired concentration, and difficulty with new learning.
- typical course averages between 7-11 years with death resulting from infection or dehydration.
- no cure. tx focuses on maximizing pt function and family/care giver education.
2
Q
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
A
- Risk higher in males than in females
- usually occurs later in life (40-70 years of age)
- presents with both upper and lower motor neuron involvement, with weakness occurring distal to proximal.
- Average course is 2-5 years with 20-30% surviving longer than 5 years.
- tx focused on quality of life and care giver training.
3
Q
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
A
- incidence higher in females than males, occurs between 35-55 years of age
- muscle atrophy noted in abductor pollicis brevis muscle and later in the thenar muscles.
4
Q
Cerebral Palsy
A
- spastic CP involves upper motor neuron damage
- athetoid CP involves damage to basal ganglia
- presents with motor delays, abnormal muscle tone and motor control, reflex abnormalities, poor postural control, and balance impairments.
- intellectual disability and epilepsy present in 50-60% of Dx.
- Tx includes on going family and caregiver education, normalization of tone, stretching, strengthening, motor learning, and developmental milestones, positioning, weight bearing activities and mobility skills.
5
Q
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) (Stroke)
A
- Ischemic stroke most common (20%) (thrombus, embolus, lacunar)
- Hemorrhagic stroke (15%) (intracerebral, subdural, subarachnoid)
- middle cerebral artery (MCA) most commonly affected by embolus with ischemic CVAs
6
Q
Left CVA presentation/symptoms
A
R sided weakness/paralysis
impaired processing/ heightened frustration
aphasia/dysphasia
motor apraxia
7
Q
Right CVA presentation/symptoms
A
L sided weakness/paralysis poor attention impaired awareness/judgment spatial deficits memory deficits emotional lability impulsive behavior
8
Q
Down Syndrome
A
- genetic abnormality consisting of an extra 21st chromosome, termed trisomy 21
- detection occurs with 60-70% of women tested that are carrying a baby with down syndrome
- exercise is essential to avoid inactivity/obesity
- Tx should focus on fitness, stability, respiratory function, and education for caregivers
9
Q
Down syndrome presentation
A
hypotonia flattened nasal bridge simian line epicanthal folds enlargement of tongue developmental delay
10
Q
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
A
- x linked recessive trait manifesting only in male offspring. females are carriers
- rapid progression of disease with inability to ambulate by 10 or 12 with death occurring as a teenager. less frequently into their 20s.
- tx includes submaximal exercises, mobility skills, respiratory function
11
Q
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy presentation
A
waddling gait proximal muscle weakness toe walking pseudohypertrophy of calf difficulty climbing stairs
12
Q
Guillane Barre Syndrome
A
- motor weakness in a distal to proximal progression, sensory impairment, and possible respiratory paralysis
- majority of pts experience full recovery, 20% have remaining deficits, 3-5% die from respiratory complications
- tx includes pulmonary rehab, strengthening, mobility training, wheel chair and orthotic prescription, and/or assistive device training
13
Q
Multiple Sclerosis
A
- demyelination of myelin sheaths that surround nerves within the brain and spinal cord, resulting in plaque development, decreased nerve conduction velocity, and eventual failure of impulse transmission.
- symptoms include visual problems, parathesisas, sensory changes, clumsiness, weakness, ataxias, balance dysfunction, and fatigue
- tx includes regulation of activity level, relaxation and energy conservation techniques, normalization of tone, balance activities, gait training, and core stabilization.
14
Q
Parkinson’s Disease
A
- decreased production of dopamine within the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia
2 presents with hypokinesia, difficulty starting/stopping movement, festinating and shuffling gait patterns, bradykinesia, poor posture, and “cog wheel” or “lead pipe” rigidity
3.tx includes maximizing endurance, strength, and functional mobility.
15
Q
Sciatica secondary to Herniated Disc
A
- L2-L5 disc herniation causing sciatic nerve inflammation
- presents with low back and gluteal pain that radiates down back of thigh
- pain increases in sitting, when lifting, forward bending or twisting
- tx includes pt education on body mechanics and positioning, pain management, traction, heat, lumbar stabilization exercises, Mckenzie extension exercises, stretching and endurance activities.
