Neuro-Ophthalmic Anatomy

Question 1

What are these structures?

Answer 1

The bony anatomy of the skull base.

Question 2

What is demonstrated in these images?

Answer 2

The bony anatomy of the right orbital apex and the intracranial view of the left optic canal.

Question 3

What does the image describe?

Answer 3

Anterior to the superior orbital fissure.

Question 4

What are the parts described in these images?

Answer 4

The orbital roof, lateral orbital wall, orbital floor, and medial orbital wall.

Question 5

What are the structures surrounding the orbit?

Answer 5

The frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ethmoidal and sphenoid sinuses.

Question 6

What does the image demonstrate?

Answer 6

The relationship of the internal carotid artery and optic nerve within the lateral wall of the sinus.

Question 7

What does the image represent?

Answer 7

The anterior view of the superficial arterial supply to the eyelids and anterior orbit.

Question 8

What type of arterial supply is demonstrate?

Answer 8

The arterial supply to the orbit and globe.

Question 9

What are the two arteries seen in this image?

Answer 9

The internal carotid artery and external carotid artery.

Question 10

What are these branches?

Answer 10

The branches of the internal carotid artery (ICA).

Question 11

What is this view?

Answer 11

Lateral view of the bend of the internal carotid artery (ICA) within the right cavernous sinus.

Question 12

What does the image represent?

Answer 12

Schematic representation of the vascular supply to the optic nerve and ONH.

Question 13

What does the image demonstrate?

Answer 13

Relationship of the lateral geniculate nucleus to nearby structures.

Question 14

What arterial system is depicted?

Answer 14

Vertebrobasilar arterial system

Question 15

What does it describe?

Answer 15

The occipital cortex and its blood supply.

Question 16

What does the image demonstrate?

Answer 16

The venous drainage of the orbit.

Question 17

What are these structures?

Answer 17

Anatomy of the cavernous sinus drainage system.

Question 18

What does the image describe?

Answer 18

Basal view of the brain showing the anterior and posterior visual pathways.

Question 19

What are the highlights of these images?

Answer 19

The pattern of the nerve fiber layer of axons and the lesions involving the nasal retinal fibers.

Question 20

What is demonstrated in these images?

Answer 20

Damage to nasal and macular fibers of the retina and right optic nerve demonstrating bow-tie atrophy.

Question 21

What is this structure?

Answer 21

The optic chiasm.

Question 22

What is illustrated in these images?

Answer 22

The position of the optic chiasm in relationship to the tuberculum sella.

Question 23

What part of the brain is this? And what does it shows?

Answer 23

Left occipital cortex and the location of striate cortex.

Question 24

What are the regions highlighted in this image?

Answer 24

The striate cortex corresponding to the contralateral eye’s blind spot and the stripped area corresponds to the monocular temporal crescent.

Question 25

What type of process is described? And what are the pathways?

Answer 25

The parallel visual processing pathways. The occipitotemporal or what pathway and the occipitoparietal or where pathway.

Question 26

What movements are illustrated in this image?

Answer 26

The control of human eye movements.

Question 27

What does the schematic diagram represent? And what does it shows?

Answer 27

The sagittal section of the brainstem and the location of the important structures in eye movements.

Question 28

What are these structures? And what are the highlights?

Answer 28

The saccadic system and the cortical centers for saccades.

Question 29

What is illustrated in this image? And what are the highlights?

Answer 29

The smooth pursuit system.

Question 30

What does the scheme describe?

Answer 30

The synthesis of upward and downward eye movements.

Question 31

What does the scheme describe?

Answer 31

The synthesis of signals for horizontal eye movements.

Question 32

What does the schematic diagram demonstrate?

Answer 32

The brainstem network for saccade generation.

Question 33

What does the schematic diagram in the first image describe? And what are the actions demonstrated?

Answer 33

The mammalian labyrinth. Motion transduction by the vestibular hair cells and action potential generated by shearing forces on the hair cell.

Question 34

What type of cranial nerves is described?

Answer 34

Ocular motor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI).

Question 35

What course of ocular motor nerves is demonstrated?

Answer 35

Intra-axial course of the ocular motor nerves at the level of the pons and midbrain.

Question 36

What course is demonstrated? And what are the highlights in the second image?

Answer 36

Subarachnoid course and major blood vessels of the ocular motor nerves.

Question 37

What course is this?

Answer 37

An intracavernous course of the ocular motor nerves.

Question 38

What is this structure?

Answer 38

The oculomotor nucleus complex.

Question 39

What functions of extraocular muscles are demonstrated?

Answer 39

The primary, secondary, and tertiary functions of the extraocular muscles.

Question 40

What is this diagram?

Answer 40

The central pathways and peripheral innervation of CN V.

Question 41

What does this lateral view of the orbit shows?

Answer 41

Sensory nerves.

Question 42

What cranial nerve is described by these anatomical structures?

Answer 42

CN VII.

Question 43

What does the pathway show?

Answer 43

The first-order central neuron, second-order intermediate neuron, and third-order neuron pathways.

Question 44

What is this pathway?

Answer 44

Pathway of the pupillary reaction to light.