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Neurosurgery Resource > Neuro-Oncology > Flashcards

Neuro-Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebrum is derived embryologically from which structure?

A

Telencephalon

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2
Q

What is the dominant cerebral hemisphere in the majority of people?

A

Left

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3
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insular
Limbic
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4
Q

What four important gyri are contained within the frontal lobe?

A

Precentral gyrus
Superior frontal
Middle frontal
Inferior frontal

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5
Q

What is contained within the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor area

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6
Q

What is contained within the middle frontal gyrus?

A

Frontal eye fields (control voluntary eye movement)

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7
Q

What is contained within the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

Broca’s area (in dominant hemisphere)

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8
Q

Damage to Broca’s area causes what features?

A

Expressive dysphasia (patient comprehends words but cannot speak properly)

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9
Q

The postcentral gyrus is found in the temporal lobe. True/false?

A

False - parietal

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10
Q

What is contained within the postcentral gyrus?

A

Primary somatosensory area

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11
Q

What lobules are found in the parietal lobe?

A

Superior parietal lobule

Inferior parietal lobule

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12
Q

What is contained within the inferior parietal lobule?

A

Supramarginal and angular gyri

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13
Q

Damage to the supramarginal and angular gyri causes what clinical feature?

A

Nominal aphasia (problems recalling words/names/numbers)

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14
Q

What gyri are contained within the temporal lobe?

A

Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus

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15
Q

What is contained within the superior temporal gyrus?

A

Auditory cortex

Wernicke’s speech area (dominate hemisphere)

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16
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s speech area causses what clinical feature?

A

Receptive dysphasia (impaired comprehension and produces jargon)

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17
Q

What is contained within the occipital lobe?

A

Visual cortex

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18
Q

Where are the limbic structures located?

A

Medial hemisphere surface that encircles corpus callosum

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19
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A

Emotional function

Memory

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20
Q

Give some structures found in the limbic system

A

Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus

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21
Q

The cerebellum is derived embryologically from which structure?

A

Metencephalon

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22
Q

What seperates the cerebrum and cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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23
Q

What connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

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24
Q

What are the three components of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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25
Q

Give some functions of the vestibulocerebellum

A

Maintaining balance

Coordinating vestibular-ocular reflexes

26
Q

Give some functions of the spinocerebellum

A

Maintain tone

Posture and gait

27
Q

Give some functions of the cerebrocerebellum

A

Coordinating voluntary motor activity

28
Q

The diencephalon is the embryological origin of which structures?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus

29
Q

Give some of the functions of thalamic nuclei

A

Maintaining consciousness
Modulating motor function
Cutaneous and visceral sensory receptors

30
Q

What three systems are influenced by the hypothalamus?

A

Autonomic nervous
Endocrine
Limbic

31
Q

What are the structures of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

32
Q

What action are the basal ganglia involved in?

A

Initiating and facilitating movement

Inhibiting motor cortex

33
Q

How do CNS tumours tend to present?

A 
Focal neurological deficits
Headaches
Seizures
Cognitive slowing
Personality changing
Endocrine disturbances
34
Q

How may patients with a frontal lobe tumour present?

A

Contralateral weakness
Personality changes
Expressive dysphasia
Urinary incontinence

35
Q

How may patients with a temporal lobe tumour present?

A

Memory deficits
Receptive aphasia
Contralateral superior quadrantopia

36
Q

How may patients with a parietal lobe tumour present?

A

Contralateral weakness and sensory loss
Contralateral inferior quadrantopia
Dyscalculia/dysgraphia

37
Q

How may patients with an occipital lobe tumour present?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Visual hallucinations

38
Q

How may patients with a cerebellar tumour present?

A 
Ataxia
N+V
Dizziness and vertigo
Slurred speech
Intention tremor
39
Q

What is the most common primary brain tumour?

A

High grade glioma (grade III/IV)

40
Q

What is a grade III glioma called?

A

Anaplastic astrocytoma

41
Q

What is a grade IV glioma called?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

42
Q

What imaging is used to detect GBM? How does it appear?

A

MRI

Butterfly appearance

43
Q

If MRI suggests high grade glioma what must occur?

A

Biopsy of tumour

44
Q

How are GBMs treated?

A

Surgery + radiotherapy +/- chemotherapy

45
Q

When are high grade and low grade gliomas most likely to occur?

A

High grade - 60-70

Low grade - 10-20

46
Q

What is a grade I glioma called?

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

47
Q

Pilocytic astrocytomas have a high rate of remission. True/false?

A

True

48
Q

Where do pilocytic astrocytomas most commonly occur?

A 
Cerebellum
Midline structures (thalamus/optic chiasm)
49
Q

Where do diffuse astrocytomas tend to grow?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

50
Q

How are diffuse astrocytomas treated?

A

Resective surgery + chemo/radiotherapy

51
Q

Where do oligodendrogliomas tend to affect?

A

Frontal lobe

52
Q

How do oligodendrogliomas tend to present?

A

Seizures

Headaches

53
Q

Meningiomas originate from which cells?

A

Arachnoidal cap cells within arachnoid membrane

54
Q

When are meningiomas commonest?

A

50-60s

55
Q

Patients with which condition are more likely to develop meningiomas?

A

Neurofibromatosis type II

56
Q

Acoustic neuromas are benign tumours derived from which cells?

A

Schwann cells

57
Q

Bilateral acoustic neuromas is a sign of which condition?

A

Neurofibromatosis type II

58
Q

How do acoustic neuromas present?

A 
Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss
Tinnitus
Vertigo
Headache
Facial pain
59
Q

How can vestibular schwannomas be managed?

A

Serial observation
Radiosurgery
Microsurgical excision

60
Q

Where do haemangioblastomas develop?

A

Posterior fossa

61
Q

Haemangioblastomas are most commonly associated with which condition?

A

Von-Hippel-Landau syndrome

Neurosurgery Resource (5 decks)

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