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Neurosurgery Resource > Neuro-Oncology > Flashcards

Neuro-Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebrum is derived embryologically from which structure?

A

Telencephalon

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2
Q

What is the dominant cerebral hemisphere in the majority of people?

A

Left

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3
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insular
Limbic
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4
Q

What four important gyri are contained within the frontal lobe?

A

Precentral gyrus
Superior frontal
Middle frontal
Inferior frontal

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5
Q

What is contained within the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor area

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6
Q

What is contained within the middle frontal gyrus?

A

Frontal eye fields (control voluntary eye movement)

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7
Q

What is contained within the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

Broca’s area (in dominant hemisphere)

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8
Q

Damage to Broca’s area causes what features?

A

Expressive dysphasia (patient comprehends words but cannot speak properly)

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9
Q

The postcentral gyrus is found in the temporal lobe. True/false?

A

False - parietal

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10
Q

What is contained within the postcentral gyrus?

A

Primary somatosensory area

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11
Q

What lobules are found in the parietal lobe?

A

Superior parietal lobule

Inferior parietal lobule

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12
Q

What is contained within the inferior parietal lobule?

A

Supramarginal and angular gyri

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13
Q

Damage to the supramarginal and angular gyri causes what clinical feature?

A

Nominal aphasia (problems recalling words/names/numbers)

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14
Q

What gyri are contained within the temporal lobe?

A

Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus

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15
Q

What is contained within the superior temporal gyrus?

A

Auditory cortex

Wernicke’s speech area (dominate hemisphere)

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16
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s speech area causses what clinical feature?

A

Receptive dysphasia (impaired comprehension and produces jargon)

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17
Q

What is contained within the occipital lobe?

A

Visual cortex

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18
Q

Where are the limbic structures located?

A

Medial hemisphere surface that encircles corpus callosum

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19
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A

Emotional function

Memory

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20
Q

Give some structures found in the limbic system

A

Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus

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21
Q

The cerebellum is derived embryologically from which structure?

A

Metencephalon

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22
Q

What seperates the cerebrum and cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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23
Q

What connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

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24
Q

What are the three components of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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25
Give some functions of the vestibulocerebellum
Maintaining balance | Coordinating vestibular-ocular reflexes
26
Give some functions of the spinocerebellum
Maintain tone | Posture and gait
27
Give some functions of the cerebrocerebellum
Coordinating voluntary motor activity
28
The diencephalon is the embryological origin of which structures?
Thalamus Hypothalamus Subthalamus Epithalamus
29
Give some of the functions of thalamic nuclei
Maintaining consciousness Modulating motor function Cutaneous and visceral sensory receptors
30
What three systems are influenced by the hypothalamus?
Autonomic nervous Endocrine Limbic
31
What are the structures of the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus
32
What action are the basal ganglia involved in?
Initiating and facilitating movement | Inhibiting motor cortex
33
How do CNS tumours tend to present?
``` Focal neurological deficits Headaches Seizures Cognitive slowing Personality changing Endocrine disturbances ```
34
How may patients with a frontal lobe tumour present?
Contralateral weakness Personality changes Expressive dysphasia Urinary incontinence
35
How may patients with a temporal lobe tumour present?
Memory deficits Receptive aphasia Contralateral superior quadrantopia
36
How may patients with a parietal lobe tumour present?
Contralateral weakness and sensory loss Contralateral inferior quadrantopia Dyscalculia/dysgraphia
37
How may patients with an occipital lobe tumour present?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia | Visual hallucinations
38
How may patients with a cerebellar tumour present?
``` Ataxia N+V Dizziness and vertigo Slurred speech Intention tremor ```
39
What is the most common primary brain tumour?
High grade glioma (grade III/IV)
40
What is a grade III glioma called?
Anaplastic astrocytoma
41
What is a grade IV glioma called?
Glioblastoma multiforme
42
What imaging is used to detect GBM? How does it appear?
MRI | Butterfly appearance
43
If MRI suggests high grade glioma what must occur?
Biopsy of tumour
44
How are GBMs treated?
Surgery + radiotherapy +/- chemotherapy
45
When are high grade and low grade gliomas most likely to occur?
High grade - 60-70 | Low grade - 10-20
46
What is a grade I glioma called?
Pilocytic astrocytoma
47
Pilocytic astrocytomas have a high rate of remission. True/false?
True
48
Where do pilocytic astrocytomas most commonly occur?
``` Cerebellum Midline structures (thalamus/optic chiasm) ```
49
Where do diffuse astrocytomas tend to grow?
Frontal and parietal lobes
50
How are diffuse astrocytomas treated?
Resective surgery + chemo/radiotherapy
51
Where do oligodendrogliomas tend to affect?
Frontal lobe
52
How do oligodendrogliomas tend to present?
Seizures | Headaches
53
Meningiomas originate from which cells?
Arachnoidal cap cells within arachnoid membrane
54
When are meningiomas commonest?
50-60s
55
Patients with which condition are more likely to develop meningiomas?
Neurofibromatosis type II
56
Acoustic neuromas are benign tumours derived from which cells?
Schwann cells
57
Bilateral acoustic neuromas is a sign of which condition?
Neurofibromatosis type II
58
How do acoustic neuromas present?
``` Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss Tinnitus Vertigo Headache Facial pain ```
59
How can vestibular schwannomas be managed?
Serial observation Radiosurgery Microsurgical excision
60
Where do haemangioblastomas develop?
Posterior fossa
61
Haemangioblastomas are most commonly associated with which condition?
Von-Hippel-Landau syndrome

Neurosurgery Resource (5 decks)

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