Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ATU 1 > Neuro - MS > Flashcards

Neuro - MS Flashcards

1
Q

Describe MS

A

A chronic autoimmune disorder that progressively robs suffers of cognitive function, the ability to sense the world around them and the capacity to walk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the clinical features of MS?

A 
Vision problems
Numbness
Difficulty walking
Fatigue
Depression
Emotional changes
Vertigo and dizziness
Sexual dysfunction
Coordination problems
Balance problems
Pain
Changes in cognitive function
Bowel/bladder dysfunction
Spasticity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are women or men more affected by MS?

A

Women 2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the age of onset of MS?

A

18-50 (young adulthood) varies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What part of the world is more likely to get MS?

A

Northern latitudes with people moving o northern latitudes before 15 at the biggest risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is MS a severe life-limiting disease?

A

No only 5-7 year shorter but the quality of life is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 types of MS?

A

Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)
Secondary-progressive MS (SPMS)
Primary-progressive MS (PPMS)
Progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe RRMS

A

85% of people affected
Attacks followed by partial or complete recovery
Symptoms may be inactive for months or years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe SPMS

A

Occasional relapses but symptoms remain constant, no remission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe PPMS

A

Affects approximately 10% of MS population

Slow onset but continues to get worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe PRMS

A

Rarest form approx 5%

Steady worsening of condition at onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is MS diagnosed?

A

Disease in two parts of the nervous system and signs of at least two separate flare-ups occurring at least 30 days apart
McDonald criteria for an early and accurate diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the characteristic of neuropathy

A

Inflammation
Multifocal areas of demyelination
Involves immune system and neurological system
continual deposition of sclerotic plaques
Plaques are commonly in white matter
Present in the brain, brain stem, optic nerve and spinal cord
Lesions formed from infiltration of lymophocytes and macrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Can MRI detect demyelinating lesions in the brains spinal cord?

A

Yes

Can observe the recovery of plaques/myelination in relapsing MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many types of cortical lesions are there?

A

3 types - 1/2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the differences in the types of cortical lesions which lead to neuronal damage?

A

See diagram
Type 1 in the centre
Type 2 smaller and focussed
Type 3 outside of cortex

17
Q

What happens to movement when demyelination occurs?

A

Slows down electrical impulses and therefore movement is slowed down

18
Q

Does the pathology of MS change of time?

A

Yes

19
Q

Draw the diagram of the involvement of the immune system in pathophysiology

A

See diagram

20
Q

What are the environmental factors which can influence MS?

A

Pathogens - molecular mimicry
Chemicals
Diet
Geography

21
Q

What are the gene factors which can influence MS?

A

Genome allelic variations
Monozygotic twins ~30%
Linnkage and association studies

22
Q

What are the post-genomic modifications which can influence MS?

A

Gene rearrangements
Somatic mutations
Retroviral
mRNA splicing

23
Q

Vitamin D defiency

A

Vitamin D3 receptor is important in immune function
Present on T regulator cells
Vitamin D and sunlight may slow MS

24
Q

Infectious mononucleosis/ EBV

A

99% of MS patients have detectable EBV titers
Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) levels increase MS
EBV RNA transcripts (EBER) found in inflammatory lesions
EBV stimulates Toll 3 receptors to release proinflammatory interferons

25
Q

Treatments involve relieving the symptoms of MS

A
  • Anti-depressents
  • Laxatives
  • Anti-convulsants
26
Q

Treatments involved in slowing the progression of MS

A

ABC treatments
Chemotherapeutic agents
Corticosteroids and ACTH

27
Q

What are the complementary and alternative medicines for MS?

A

Excercise - maintains core stability and posture
Cooling -symptoms are worse when core temperature rises
Vitamin D - supplementation or sunlight

28
Q

What are the names of the drugs in the ABC treatment and which ones have been added?

A

Avonex - a form of interferon beta-1a
Betaseron - a form of interferon beta-1b
Copaxone - the immunomodulator Glatiramer acetate

Added: Rebif (interferon beta-1a) and Novantrone (antineoplastic mitoxantrone)

All work by regulating aspects of the immune system

29
Q

Are the new drugs in development?

A

Lots of drugs in clinical trials and some have been approved

ATU 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions